Describing the death of Queen Blenda (the mother of Charles the Beloved), Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mentions the King's pal Otar, a pleasant and cultured adeling with a tremendous nose and sparse hair:
Her [Queen Blenda] he remembered - more or less: a horsewoman, tall, broad, stout, ruddy-faced. She had been assured by a royal cousin that her son would be safe and happy under the tutelage of admirable Mr. Campbell who had taught several dutiful little princesses to spread butterflies and enjoy Lord Ronald's Coronach. He had immolated his life, so to speak, at the portable altars of a vast number of hobbies, from the study of book mites to bear hunting, and could reel off Macbeth from beginning to end during hikes; but he did not give a damn for his charges' morals, preferred ladies to laddies, and did not meddle in the complexities of Zemblan ingledom. He left, for some exotic court, after a ten-year stay, in 1932 when our Prince, aged seventeen, had begun dividing his time between the University and his regiment. It was the nicest period in his life. He never could decide what he enjoyed more: the study of poetry - especially English poetry - or attending parades, or dancing in masquerades with boy-girls and girl-boys. His mother died suddenly on July 21, 1936, from an obscure blood ailment that had also afflicted her mother and grandmother. She had been much better on the day before - and Charles Xavier had gone to an all-night ball in the so-called Ducal Dome in Grindelwood: for the nonce, a formal heterosexual affair, rather refreshing after some previous sport. At about four in the morning, with the sun enflaming the tree crests and Mt. Falk, a pink cone, the King stopped his powerful car at one of the gates of the palace. The air was so delicate, the light so lyrical, that he and the three friends he had with him decided to walk through the linden bosquet the rest of the distance to the Pavonian Pavilion where guests were lodged. He and Otar, a platonic pal, wore tails but they had lost their top hats to the highway winds. A strange something struck all four of them as they stood under the young limes in the prim landscape of scarp and counterscarp fortified by shadow and countershadow. Otar, a pleasant and cultured adeling with a tremendous nose and sparse hair, had his two mistresses with him, eighteen-year-old Fifalda (whom he later married) and seventeen-year-old Fleur (whom we shall meet in two other notes), daughters of Countess de Fyler, the Queen's favorite lady in waiting. One involuntarily lingers over that picture, as one does when standing at a vantage point of time and knowing in retrospect that in a moment one's life would undergo a complete change. So here was Otar, looking with a puzzled expression at the distant window's of the Queen's quarters, and there were the two girls, side by side, thin-legged, in shimmering wraps, their kitten noses pink, their eyes green and sleepy, their earrings catching and loosing the fire of the sun. There were a few people around, as there always were, no matter the hour, at this gate, along which a road, connecting with the eastern highway, ran. A peasant woman with a small cake she had baked, doubtlessly the mother of the sentinel who had not yet come to relieve the unshaven dark young nattdett (child of night) in his dreary sentry box, sat on a spur stone watching in feminine fascination the luciola-like tapers that moved from window to window; two workmen, holding their bicycles, stood staring too at those strange lights; and a drunk with a walrus mustache kept staggering around and patting the trunks of the lindens. One picks up minor items at such slowdowns of life. The King noticed that some reddish mud flecked the frames of the two bicycles and that their front wheels were both turned in the same direction, parallel to one another. Suddenly, down a steep path among the lilac bushes - a short cut from the Queen's quarters - the Countess came running and tripping over the hem of her quilted robe, and at the same moment, from another side of the palace, all seven councilors, dressed in their formal splendor and carrying like plum cakes replicas of various regalia, came striding down the stairs of stone, in dignified haste, but she beat them by one alin and spat out the news. The drunk started to sing a ribald ballad about "Karlie-Garlie" and fell into the demilune ditch. It is not easy to describe lucidly in short notes to a poem the various approaches to a fortified castle, and so, in my awareness of this problem, I prepared for John Shade, some time in June, when narrating to him the events briefly noticed in some of my comments (see note to line 130, for example), a rather handsomely drawn plan of the chambers, terraces, bastions and pleasure grounds of the Onhava Palace. Unless it has been destroyed or stolen, this careful picture in colored inks on a large (thirty by twenty inches) piece of cardboard might still be where I last saw it in mid-July, on the top of the big black trunk, opposite the old mangle, in a niche of the little corridor leading to the so-called fruit room. If it is not there, it might be looked for in his upper-floor study. I have written about this to Mrs. Shade but she does not reply to my letters. In case it still exists, I wish to beg her, without raising my voice, and very humbly, as humbly as the lowliest of the King's subjects might plead for an immediate restitution of his rights (the plan is mine and is clearly signed with a black chess-king crown after "Kinbote"), to send it, well packed, marked not to be bent on the wrapper, and by registered mail, to my publisher for reproduction in later editions of this work. Whatever energy I possessed has quite ebbed away lately, and these excruciating headaches now make impossible the mnemonic effort and eye strain that the drawing of another such plan would demand. The black trunk stands on another brown or brownish even larger one, and there is I think a stuffed fox or coyote next to them in their dark corner. (note to Line 71)
Otar brings to mind otara ovets (a flock of sheep) mentioned by Chekhov at the beginning of his story Schast’ye (“Happiness,” 1887):
У широкой степной дороги, называемой большим шляхом, ночевала отара овец. Стерегли ее два пастуха. Один, старик лет восьмидесяти, беззубый, с дрожащим лицом, лежал на животе у самой дороги, положив локти на пыльные листья подорожника; другой — молодой парень, с густыми черными бровями и безусый, одетый в рядно, из которого шьют дешевые мешки, лежал на спине, положив руки под голову, и глядел вверх на небо, где над самым его лицом тянулся Млечный путь и дремали звезды.
A flock of sheep was spending the night on the broad steppe road that is called the great highway. Two shepherds were guarding it. One, a toothless old man of eighty, with a tremulous face, was lying on his stomach at the very edge of the road, leaning his elbows on the dusty leaves of a plantain; the other, a young fellow with thick black eyebrows and no moustache, dressed in the coarse canvas of which cheap sacks are made, was lying on his back, with his arms under his head, looking upwards at the sky, where the stars were slumbering and the Milky Way lay stretched exactly above his face.
A writer whom Shade lists among Russian humorists, Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) was born in Taganrog (a port city on the North shore of the Sea of Azov). On December 1, 1825, the tsar Alexander I (1777-1825) suddenly died in Taganrog. In his novel Alexander the First (1913) Dmitri Merezhkovski describes the last days of the tsar's life and mentions karavan verblyudov (a caravan of camels) and otara ovets (a flock of sheep):
Кругом была степь, поросшая пыльно-сизой полынью да сухим бурьяном; ни деревца, ни кустика; только вдали одинокая мельница махала крыльями, и дрофа длинноногая, четко чернея в ясном небе, на степном кургане, ходила взад и вперед, как солдат на часах. Изредка тянулся по пустынной дороге обоз чумаков с азовской таранью или крымскою солью; перекопские татары шли с караваном верблюдов, нагруженных арбузами; полудикий ногаец-пастух, верхом на лошадке невзнузданной, гнал отару овец; и высоко в небе кружил над ними степной орлан-белохвост с хищным клекотом. И опять ни души -- пусто, мертво. Как верная сообщница, степь уединяла их, охраняла от суеты человеческой, в которой оба они погибали всю жизнь. (Part Six. Chapter I)
According to Kinbote, Otar compared Fleur de Fyler's fragile ankles to the "careful jewels" in Arnor's poem about a miragarl ("mirage girl"), for which a dream king in the sandy wastes of time would give three hundred camels and three fountains:
Our Prince was fond of Fleur as of a sister but with no soft shadow of incest or secondary homosexual complications. She had a small pale face with prominent cheekbones, luminous eyes, and curly dark hair. It was rumored that after going about with a porcelain cup and Cinderella's slipper for months, the society sculptor and poet Arnor had found in her what he sought and had used her breasts and feet for his Lilith Calling Back Adam; but I am certainly no expert in these tender matters. Otar, her lover, said that when you walked behind her, and she knew you were walking behind her, the swing and play of those slim haunches was something intensely artistic, something Arab girls were taught in special schools by special Parisian panders who were afterwards strangled. Her fragile ankles, he said, which she placed very close together in her dainty and wavy walk, were the "careful jewels" in Arnor's poem about a miragarl ("mirage girl"), for which "a dream king in the sandy wastes of time would give three hundred camels and three fountains."
On ságaren werém tremkín tri stána
Verbálala wod gév ut trí phantána
(I have marked the stress accents).
The Prince did not heed this rather kitschy prattle (all, probably, directed by her mother) and, let it be repeated, regarded her merely as a sibling, fragrant and fashionable, with a painted pout and a maussade, blurry, Gallic way of expressing the little she wished to express. Her unruffled rudeness toward the nervous and garrulous Countess amused him. He liked dancing with her - and only with her. He hardly squirmed at all when she stroked his hand or applied herself soundlessly with open lips to his cheek which the haggard after-the-ball dawn had already sooted. She did not seem to mind when he abandoned her for manlier pleasures; and she met him again in the dark of a car or in the half-glow of a cabaret with the subdued and ambiguous smile of a kissing cousin. (note to Line 80)
A miragarl ("mirage girl") brings to mind Donetskoe girlo (the Don mouth, a part of the Sea of Azov) mentioned by Merezhkovski in the same chapter of his novel about Alexander I:
Таганрог -- уездный город на берегу Азовского моря; на западе -- Миусский лиман, на востоке -- Донецкое гирло. Город -- на мысу, с трех сторон -- море, и в конце почти каждой улицы оно голубеет, зеленеет, как стекло бутылки, мутно-пыльное.
Merezhkovski compares the blue-green sea to steklo butylki (bottle glass). According to Kinbote, Gradus (Shade's murderer) started as a maker of Cartesian devils--imps of bottle glass bobbing up and down in methylate-filled tubes:
Gradus never became a real success in the glass business to which he turned again and again between his wine-selling and pamphlet printing jobs. He started as a maker of Cartesian devils--imps of bottle glass bobbing up and down in methylate-filled tubes hawked during Catkin Week on the boulevards. He also worked as a teazer, and later as a flasher, at governmental factories--and was, I believe, more or less responsible for the remarkably ugly red-and-amber windows in the great public lavatory at rowdy but colorful Kalixhaven where the sailors are. He claimed to have improved the glitter and rattle of the so-called feuilles-d'alarme used by the grape growers and orchardmen to scare the birds. I have staggered the notes referring to him in such a fashion that the first (see note to line 17 where some of his other activities are adumbrated) is the vaguest while those that follow become gradually clearer as gradual Gradus approaches in space and time. (note to Line 171)
At the beginning of a poem, with which he prefaces his essay Michelangelo (1902), Merezhkovski mentions the turbid-green waves of Arno (a river that flows on Florence):
Тебе навеки сердце благодарно,
С тех пор, как я, раздумием томим,
Бродил у волн мутно-зеленых Арно,
По галереям сумрачным твоим,
Флоренция!
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. Arnor is a society sculptor and poet. At the end of Pushkin's little tragey Mozart and Salieri (1830) Salieri mentions Buonarotti:
Сальери
До свиданья.
(Один.)
Ты заснешь
Надолго, Моцарт! Но ужель он прав,
И я не гений? Гений и злодейство
Две вещи несовместные. Неправда:
А Бонаротти? Или это сказка
Тупой, бессмысленной толпы — и не был
Убийцею создатель Ватикана?
Salieri
See you later.
(Alone.)
You will sleep
For long, Mozart! But what if he is right?
I am no genius? "Genius and evildoing
Are incompatibles." That is not true:
And Buonarotti?.. Or is it a legend
Of the dull-witted, senseless crowd -- while really
The Vatican's creator was no murderer?
(Scene II, transl. G. Gurarie)
Rumors say Michelangelo murdered his model to portray the sufferings of Christ more realistically. In Pushkin's little tragedy Mozart uses the phrase nikto b (none would):
Моцарт
Когда бы все так чувствовали силу
Гармонии! но нет; тогда б не мог
И мир существовать; никто б не стал
Заботиться о нуждах низкой жизни;
Все предались бы вольному искусству.
Mozart
If all could feel like you the power
of harmony! But no: the world
could not go on then. None would
bother with the needs of lowly life;
all would surrender to free art.
(Scene II)
Hazel Shade (the poet's daughter whose "real" name seems to be Nadezhda Botkin) liked to read words backwards. Nikto b is Botkin (Shade's, Kinbote's and Gradus' "real" name) in reverse. Mozart (1838) is a biographical essay by Vasiliy Botkin (1812-69).
On the other hand, a miragarl (mirage girl) bings to mind Zinaida Hippius' poem Merezhi ("The Nets," 1902):
Мы долго думали, что сети
Сплетает Дьявол с простотой,
Чтоб нас поймать, как ловят дети
В силки беспечных птиц, весной.
Но нет. Опутывать сетями —
Ему не нужно никого.
Он тянет сети — между нами,
В весельи сердца своего.
Сквозь эту мглу, сквозь эту сетку,
Друг друга видим мы едва.
Чуть слышен голос через клетку,
Обезображены слова.
Шалун во образе змеином
Пути друг к другу нам пресёк.
И в одиночестве зверином
Живёт отныне человек.
In her poem Merezhi Hippius (Merezhkovski's wife) compares human beings (who are being netted by the Devil) to careless birds netted in spring by children. King Alfin's mild pure soul was netted by the angels:
King Alfin's absent-mindedness was strangely combined with a passion for mechanical things, especially for flying apparatuses. In 1912, he managed to rise in an umbrella-like Fabre "hydroplane" and almost got drowned in the sea between Nitra and Indra. He smashed two Farmans, three Zemblan machines, and a beloved Santos Dumont Demoiselle. A very special monoplane, Blenda IV, was built for him in 1916 by his constant "aerial adjutant" Colonel Peter Gusev (later a pioneer parachutist and, at seventy, one of the greatest jumpers of all time), and this was his bird of doom. On the serene, and not too cold, December morning that the angels chose to net his mild pure soul, King Alfin was in the act of trying solo a tricky vertical loop that Prince Andrey Kachurin, the famous Russian stunter and War One hero, had shown him in Gatchina. Something went wrong, and the little Blenda was seen to go into an uncontrolled dive. Behind and above him, in a Caudron biplane, Colonel Gusev (by then Duke of Rahl) and the Queen snapped several pictures of what seemed at first a noble and graceful evolution but then turned into something else. At the last moment, King Alfin managed to straighten out his machine and was again master of gravity when, immediately afterwards, he flew smack into the scaffolding of a huge hotel which was being constructed in the middle of a coastal heath as if for the special purpose of standing in a king's way. This uncompleted and badly gutted building was ordered razed by Queen Blenda who had it replaced by a tasteless monument of granite surmounted by an improbable type of aircraft made of bronze. The glossy prints of the enlarged photographs depicting the entire catastrophe were discovered one day by eight-year-old Charles Xavier in the drawer of a secretary bookcase. In some of these ghastly pictures one could make out the shoulders and leathern casque of the strangely unconcerned aviator, and in the penultimate one of the series, just before the white-blurred shattering crash, one distinctly saw him raise one arm in triumph, and reassurance. The boy had hideous dreams after that but his mother never found out that he had seen those infernal records. (note to Line 71)
Zinaida Hippius has the same first name as Zina Mertz, in VN's novel Dar ("The Gift," 1937) Shchyogolev's step-daughter with whom Fyodor Godunov-Cherdyntsev (the narrator and main character) falls in love. Like Fleur de Fyler, Zina Mertz places her ankles very close together in her walk:
Ожидание ее прихода. Она всегда опаздывала - и всегда приходила другой дорогой, чем он. Вот и получилось, что даже Берлин может быть таинственным. Под липовым цветением мигает фонарь. Темно, душисто, тихо. Тень прохожего по тумбе пробегает, как соболь пробегает через пень. За пустырем как персик небо тает: вода в огнях, Венеция сквозит, - а улица кончается в Китае, а та звезда над Волгою висит. О, поклянись, что веришь в небылицу, что будешь только вымыслу верна, что не запрешь души своей в темницу, не скажешь, руку протянув: стена.
Из темноты, для глаз всегда нежданно, она как тень внезапно появлялась, от родственной стихии отделясь. Сначала освещались только ноги, так ставимые тесно, что казалось, она идет по тонкому канату. Она была в коротком летнем платье ночного цвета - цвета фонарей, теней, стволов, лоснящейся панели: бледнее рук ее, темней лица. Посвящено Георгию Чулкову. Федор Константинович целовал ее в мягкие губы, и затем она на мгновение опускала голову к нему на ключицу и, быстро высвободившись, шла рядом с ним, сперва с такой грустью на лице, словно за двадцать часов их разлуки произошло какое-то небывалое несчастье, но мало-по-малу она приходила в себя, и вот улыбалась - так, как днем не улыбалась никогда. Что его больше всего восхищало в ней? Ее совершенная понятливость, абсолютность слуха по отношению ко всему, что он сам любил. В разговорах с ней можно было обходиться без всяких мостиков, и не успевал он заметить какую-нибудь забавную черту ночи, как уже она указывала ее. И не только Зина была остроумно и изящно создана ему по мерке очень постаравшейся судьбой, но оба они, образуя одну тень, были созданы по мерке чего-то не совсем понятного, но дивного и благожелательного, бессменно окружавшего их.
Waiting for her arrival. She was always late—and always came by another road than he. Thus it transpired that even Berlin could be mysterious. Within the linden’s bloom the streetlight winks. A dark and honeyed hush envelops us. Across the curb one’s passing shadow slinks: across a stump a sable ripples thus. The night sky melts to peach beyond that gate. There water gleams, there Venice vaguely shows. Look at that street—it runs to China straight, and yonder star above the Volga glows! Oh, swear to me to put in dreams your trust, and to believe in fantasy alone, and never let your soul in prison rust, nor stretch your arm and say: a wall of stone.
She always unexpectedly appeared out of the darkness, like a shadow leaving its kindred element. At first her ankles would catch the light: she moved them close together as if she walked along a slender rope. Her summer dress was short, of night’s own color, the color of the streetlights and the shadows, of tree trunks and of shining pavement—paler than her bare arms and darker than her face. This kind of blank verse Blok dedicated to Georgi Chulkov. Fyodor kissed her on her soft lips, she leaned her head for a moment on his collarbone and then, quickly freeing herself, walked beside him, at first with such sorrow on her face as if during their twenty hours of separation an unheard-of disaster had taken place, but then little by little she came to herself and now smiled—smiled as she never did during the day. What was it about her that fascinated him most of all? Her perfect understanding, the absolute pitch of her instinct for everything that he himself loved? In talking to her one could get along without any bridges, and he would barely have time to notice some amusing feature of the night before she would point it out. And not only was Zina cleverly and elegantly made to measure for him by a very painstaking fate, but both of them, forming a single shadow, were made to the measure of something not quite comprehensible, but wonderful and benevolent and continuously surrounding them. (Chapter Three)
Fyodor's book on Chernyshevski, "The Life of Chernyshevski" (Chapter Four of The Gift), begins and ends with an inverted sonnet. The Eugene Onegin stanza is modeled on a sonnet.The last paragraph of The Gift (written after the meter of rhyme scheme of a EO stanza) mimics Pushkin's Eugene Onegin stanza. Shade's poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade's poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). Dvoynik ("The Double," 1846) is a short novel by Dostoevski (a writer whom Shade lists among Russian humorists). In his book Tolstoy and Dostoevski (1902) Merezhkovski several times quotes Hippius' poem Elektrichestvo (“Electricity”):
Две нити вместе свиты,
Концы обнажены.
То "да" и "нет" не слиты,
Не слиты - сплетены.
Их тёмное сплетенье
И тесно и мертво;
Но ждёт их воскресенье,
И ждут они его:
Концы соприкоснутся,
Проснутся "да" и "нет".
И "да", и "нет" сольются,
И смерть их будет свет.
Two wires are wrapped together,
The loose ends naked, exposed
A yes and no, not united,
Not united, but juxtaposed.
A dark, dark juxtaposition --
So close together, dead.
But resurrection awaits them;
And they await what waits ahead.
End will meet end in touching
Yes -- no, left and right,
The yes and no awakening,
Inseparably uniting
And their death will be - Light.
Describing the phenomena in an old barn explored by Hazel Shade, Kinbote quotes Shade's short poem "The Nature of Electricity:"
The light never came back but it gleams again in a short poem "The Nature of Electricity", which John Shade had sent to the New York magazine The Beau and the Butterfly, some time in 1958, but which appeared only after his death:
The dead, the gentle dead - who knows?
In tungsten filaments abide,
And on my bedside table flows
Another man's departed bride.
And maybe Shakespeare floods a whole
Town with innumerable lights,
And Shelley's incandescent soul
Lures the pale moths of starless nights.
Streetlamps are numbered; and maybe
Number nine-hundred-ninety-nine
(So brightly beaming through a tree
So green) is an old friend of mine.
And when above the livid plain
Forked lightning plays, therein may dwell
The torments of a Tamerlane,
The roar of tyrants torn in hell.
Science tells us, by the way, that the Earth would not merely fall apart, but vanish like a ghost, if Electricity were suddenly removed from the world. (note to Line 347)
The King's platonic pal, Otar married Fifalda (Fleur de Fyler's elder sister). The name Fifalda means in Old English "butterfly." Shade's poem "The Nature of Electricity" appeared in the New York magazine The Beau and the Butterfly.