Describing the king’s escape from Zembla, Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mentions lazy Garh, the farmer's daughter who shows to the king the shortest way to the pass:
The gnarled farmer and his plump wife who, like personages in an old tedious tale offered the drenched fugitive a welcome shelter, mistook him for an eccentric camper who had got detached from his group. He was allowed to dry himself in a warm kitchen where he was given a fairy-tale meal of bread and cheese, and a bowl of mountain mead. His feelings (gratitude, exhaustion, pleasant warmth, drowsiness and so on) were too obvious to need description. A fire of larch roots crackled in the stove, and all the shadows of his lost kingdom gathered to play around his rocking chair as he dozed off between that blaze and the tremulous light of a little earthenware cresset, a beaked affair rather like a Roman lamp, hanging above a shelf where poor beady baubles and bits of nacre became microscopic soldiers swarming in desperate battle. He woke up with a crimp in the neck at the first full cowbell of dawn, found his host outside, in a damp corner consigned to the humble needs of nature, and bade the good grunter (mountain farmer) show him the shortest way to the pass. "I'll rouse lazy Garh," said the farmer.
A rude staircase led up to a loft. The farmer placed his gnarled hand on the gnarled balustrade and directed toward the upper darkness a guttural call: "Garh! Garh!" Although given to both sexes, the name is, strictly speaking, a masculine one, and the King expected to see emerge from the loft a bare-kneed mountain lad like a tawny angel. Instead there appeared a disheveled young hussy wearing only a man's shirt that came down to her pink shins and an oversized pair of brogues. A moment later, as in a transformation act, she reappeared, her yellow hair still hanging lank and loose, but the dirty shirt replaced by a dirty pullover, and her legs sheathed in corduroy pants. She was told to conduct the stranger to a spot from which he could easily reach the pass. A sleepy and sullen expression blurred whatever appeal her snub-nosed round face might have had for the local shepherds; but she complied readily enough with her father's wish. His wife was crooning an ancient song as she busied herself with pot and pan.
Before leaving, the King asked his host, whose name was Griff, to accept an old gold piece he chanced to have in his pocket, the only money he possessed. Griff vigorously refused and, still remonstrating, started the laborious business of unlocking and unbolting two or three heavy doors. The King glanced at the old woman, received a wink of approval, and put the muted ducat on the mantelpiece, next to a violet seashell against which was propped a color print representing an elegant guardsman with his bare-shouldered wife - Karl the Beloved, as he was twenty odd years before, and his young queen, an angry young virgin with coal-black hair and ice-blue eyes.
The stars had just faded. He followed the girl and a happy sheepdog up the overgrown trail that glistened with the ruby dew in the theatrical light of an alpine dawn. The very air seemed tinted and glazed. A sepulchral chill emanated from the sheer cliff along which the trail ascended; but on the opposite precipitous side, here and there between the tops of fir trees growing below, gossamer gleams of sunlight were beginning to weave patterns of warmth. At the next turning this warmth enveloped the fugitive, and a black butterfly came dancing down a pebbly rake. The path narrowed still more and gradually deteriorated amidst a jumble of boulders. The girl pointed to the slopes beyond it. He nodded. "Now go home," he said. "I shall rest here and then continue alone."
He sank down on the grass near a patch of matted elfinwood and inhaled the bright air. The panting dog lay down at his feet. Garh smiled for the first time. Zemblan mountain girls are as a rule mere mechanisms of haphazard lust, and Garh was no exception. As soon as she had settled beside him, she bent over and pulled over and off her tousled head the thick gray sweater, revealing her naked back and blancmange breasts, and flooded her embarrassed companion with ail the acridity of ungroomed womanhood. She was about to proceed with her stripping but he stopped her with a gesture and got up. He thanked her for all her kindness. He patted the innocent dog; and without turning once, with a springy step, the King started to walk up the turfy incline. (note to Line 149)
In the Afar language (spoken in the horn of Africa) garhi means "surprise" (in 1999 this name was chosen for the hominid species Australopithecus garhi because the combination of its features, particularly the exceptionally large teeth, was a significant and unexpected discovery for the scientists). Onhava-onhava (Onhava is the name of the capital of Kinbote's Zembla) means in Zemblan "far, far away." In his commentary to Shade's poem Kinbote mentions the aeronaut (a well-known meteorologist) who drowned in the Gulf of Surprise:
For almost a whole year after the King's escape the Extremists remained convinced that he and Odon had not left Zembla. The mistake can be only ascribed to the streak of stupidity that fatally runs through the most competent tyranny. Airborne machines and everything connected with them cast a veritable spell over the minds of our new rulers whom kind history had suddenly given a boxful of these zipping and zooming gadgets to play with. That an important fugitive would not perform by air the act of fleeing seemed to them inconceivable. Within minutes after the King and the actor had clattered down the backstairs of the Royal Theater, every wing in the sky and on the ground had been accounted for - such was the efficiency of the government. During the next weeks not one private or commercial plane was allowed to take off, and the inspection of transients became so rigorous and lengthy that international lines decided to cancel stopovers at Onhava. There were some casualties. A crimson balloon was enthusiastically shot down and the aeronaut (a well-known meteorologist) drowned in the Gulf of Surprise. A pilot from a Lapland base flying on a mission of mercy got lost in the fog and was so badly harassed by Zemblan fighters that he settled atop a mountain peak. Some excuse for all this could be found. The illusion of the King's presence in the wilds of Zembla was kept up by royalist plotters who decoyed entire regiments into searching the mountains and woods of our rugged peninsula. The government spent a ludicrous amount of energy on solemnly screening the hundreds of impostors packed in the country's jails. Most of them clowned their way back to freedom; a few, alas, fell. Then, in the spring of the following year, a stunning piece of news came from abroad. The Zemblan actor Odon was directing the making of a cinema picture in Paris!
It was now correctly conjectured that if Odon had fled, the King had fled too: At an extraordinary session of the Extremist government there was passed from hand to hand, in grim silence, a copy of a French newspaper with the headline: L'EX-ROI DE ZEMBLA EST-IL À PARIS? Vindictive exasperation rather than state strategy moved the secret organization of which Gradus was an obscure member to plot the destruction of the royal fugitive. Spiteful thugs! They may be compared to hoodlums who itch to torture the invulnerable gentleman whose testimony clapped them in prison for life. Such convicts have been known to go berserk at the thought that their elusive victim whose very testicles they crave to twist and tear with their talons, is sitting at a pergola feast on a sunny island or fondling some pretty young creature between his knees in serene security - and laughing at them! One supposes that no hell can be worse than the helpless rage they experience as the awareness of that implacable sweet mirth reaches them and suffuses them, slowly destroying their brutish brains. A group of especially devout Extremists calling themselves the Shadows had got together and swore to hunt down the King and kill him wherever he might be. They were, in a sense, the shadow twins of the Karlists and indeed several had cousins or even brothers among the followers of the King. No doubt, the origin of either group could be traced to various reckless rituals in student fraternities and military clubs, and their development examined in terms of fads and anti-fads; but, whereas an objective historian associates a romantic and noble glamor with Karlism, its shadow group must strike one as something definitely Gothic and nasty. The grotesque figure of Gradus, a cross between bat and crab, was not much odder than many other Shadows, such as, for example, Nodo, Odon's epileptic half-brother who cheated at cards, or a mad Mandevil who had lost a leg in trying to make anti-matter. Gradus had long been a member of all sorts of jejune leftist organizations. He had never killed, though coming rather close to it several times in his gray life. He insisted later that when he found himself designated to track down and murder the King, the choice was decided by a show of cards - but let us not forget that it was Nodo who shuffled and dealt them out. Perhaps our man's foreign origin secretly prompted a nomination that would not cause any son of Zembla to incur the dishonor of actual regicide. We can well imagine the scene: the ghastly neon lights of the laboratory, in an annex of the Glass Works, where the Shadows happened to hold their meeting that night; the ace of spades lying on the tiled floor, the vodka gulped down out of test tubes; the many hands clapping Gradus on his round back, and the dark exultation of the man as he received those rather treacherous congratulations. We place this fatidic moment at 0:05, July 2, 1959 - which happens to be also the date upon which an innocent poet penned the first lines of his last poem. (note to Line 171)
The Gulf of Surprise seems to combine the Gulf of Finland (the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea) with a great surprise mentioned by Shade in his theological dispute with Kinbote:
SHADE: Life is a great surprise. I do not see why death should not be an even greater one. (note to Line 549)
"Unless there be no great surprise" is a line in VN's poem Restoration (1952):
To think that any fool may tear
by chance the web of when and where.
O window in the dark! To think
that every brain is on the brink
of nameless bliss no brain can bear,
unless there be no great surprise –
as when you learn to levitate
and, hardly trying, realize –
– alone, in a bright room – that weight
is but your shadow, and you rise.
My little daughter wakes in tears.
She fancies that her bed is drawn
into a dimness which appears
to be the deep of all her fears
but which, in point of fact, is dawn.
I know a poet who can strip
a William Tell or Golden Pip
in one uninterrupted peel
miraculously to reveal,
revolving on his fingertip,
a snowball. So I would unrobe,
turn inside out, pry open, probe
all matter, everything you see,
the skyline and its saddest tree,
the whole inexplicable globe,
to find the true, the ardent core
as doctors of old pictures do
when, rubbing out a distant door
or sooty curtain, they restore
the jewel of a bluish view.
"The web of when and where" brings to mind "Not flimsy nonsense, but a web of sense," a line in Canto Three of Shade's poem. "O window in the dark!" makes one think of "the window on Europe," as in his Prologue to Mednyi vsadnik ("The Bronze Horseman," 1833) Pushkin (a poet who had African blood) calls St. Petersburg:
На берегу пустынных волн
Стоял он, дум великих полн,
И вдаль глядел. Пред ним широко
Река неслася; бедный чёлн
По ней стремился одиноко.
По мшистым, топким берегам
Чернели избы здесь и там,
Приют убогого чухонца;
И лес, неведомый лучам
В тумане спрятанного солнца,
Кругом шумел. И думал он:
Отсель грозить мы будем шведу,
Здесь будет город заложен
На зло надменному соседу.
Природой здесь нам суждено
В Европу прорубить окно,1
Ногою твердой стать при море.
Сюда по новым им волнам
Все флаги в гости будут к нам,
И запируем на просторе.
On the banks of a wilderness of water
one man stood, brimming with thoughts,
as his eyes advanced to the horizon.
The breadth of the river surged forward,
and a single, ramshackle canoe sped by.
Along the moss-ruled, swampy shores
he saw the dark and scattered huts
of the godforsaken Finns;
and the forest, foreign to the sun,
sounded around him.
And he thought:
"It’s here we’ll threaten the Swedes from,
where we’ll set our city’s first stones
to spite our power-drunk neighbours.
We’ll make a slave of nature,
hack a window through to Europe
and by this sea put down firm feet.
All flags will find their way
across these waves, to our feast
out here in these wastes."
(tr. Alistair Noon)
1. Algarotti says somewhere: «Pétersbourg est la fenêtre par laquelle la Russie regarde en Europe». (Pushkin's note)
Na zlo nadmennomu sosedu (To spite the arrogant neighbor), a line in the Prologue, brings to mind a contented Sosed (Zembla's gigantic neighbor) mentioned by Kinbote in his commentary:
That King's reign (1936-1958) will be remembered by at least a few discerning historians as a peaceful and elegant one. Owing to a fluid system of judicious alliances, Mars in his time never marred the record. Internally, until corruption, betrayal, and Extremism penetrated it, the People's Place (parliament) worked in perfect harmony with the Royal Council. Harmony, indeed, was the reign's password. The polite arts and pure sciences flourished. Technicology, applied physics, industrial chemistry and so forth were suffered to thrive. A small skyscraper of ultramarine glass was steadily rising in Onhava. The climate seemed to be improving. Taxation had become a thing of beauty. The poor were getting a little richer, and the rich a little poorer (in accordance with what may be known some day as Kinbote's Law). Medical care was spreading to the confines of the state: less and less often, on his tour of the country, every autumn, when the rowans hung coral-heavy, and the puddles tinkled with Muscovy glass, the friendly and eloquent monarch would be interrupted by a pertussal "back-draucht" in a crowd of schoolchildren. Parachuting had become a popular sport. Everybody, in a word, was content - even the political mischiefmakers who were contentedly making mischief paid by a contented Sosed (Zembla's gigantic neighbor). But let us not pursue this tiresome subject. (note to Line 12)
The horn of Africa where the Afar language is spoken makes one think of Taganrog (rog is horn in Russian), Chekhov's home city where the tsar Alexander I died on December 1, 1825. Pushkin speaks of the disastrous Decembrist uprising (December 14, 1825) in Chapter Ten (destroyed on Oct. 19, 1830) of Eugene Onegin. In Chapter Eight (VII: 2) of EO Pushkin says that his Muse likes the stately order of oligarhicheskikh besed (oligarchic colloquies):
Ей нравится порядок стройный
Олигархических бесед,
И холод гордости спокойной,
И эта смесь чинов и лет.
Но это кто в толпе избранной
Стоит безмолвный и туманный?
Для всех он кажется чужим.
Мелькают лица перед ним
Как ряд докучных привидений.
Что, сплин иль страждущая спесь
В его лице? Зачем он здесь?
Кто он таков? Ужель Евгений?
Ужели он?.. Так, точно он.
— Давно ли к нам он занесен?
She likes the stately order
of oligarchic colloquies,
and the chill of calm pride,
and this mixture of ranks and years.
But who's that standing in the chosen throng,
silent and nebulous?
To everyone he seems a stranger.
Before him faces come and go
like a series of tedious specters.
What is it — spleen or smarting morgue
upon his face? Why is he here?
Who is he? Is it really — Eugene?
He, really? So, 'tis he, indeed.
— Since when has he been blown our way?
On the other hand, lazy Garh seems to blend lenivyi popyonok (the priest's lazy boy) in Pushkin’s poem Rumyanyi kritik moy, nasmeshnik tolstopuzyi… (“My ruddy-cheeked critic, pot-bellied scoffer,” 1830) with Hemming Gadh (c. 1450 – 16 December 1520), a Swedish Roman Catholic priest and Bishop of the Diocese of Linköping. A staunch ally of Sten Sture (regent of Sweden from 1470-97 and 1501-03) and a fierce opponent of Denmark and the Kalmar Union, Hemming Gadh was beheaded by order of King Christian II of Denmark. Hemming Gadh was a contemporary of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). A happy sheepdog that accompanies lazy Garh and the king brings to mind Leonardo’s drawings of dogs. The muted ducat left by the king on the mantelpiece makes one think of "Dead, for a ducat, dead!", Hamlet's exclamation in Shakespeare's Hamlet (3.4), and of 200 000 ducats mentioned by Merezhkovski in his novel Leonardo da Vinci, ili Voskresshie bogi (“Leonardo da Vinci, or Resurrected Gods,” 1900):
Еще в молодости мечтал он о сооружении канала, который сделал бы Арно судоходным от Флоренции до Пизанского моря и, оросив поля сетью водяных питательных жил и увеличив плодородие земли, превратил бы Тоскану в один цветущий сад. "Прато, Пистойя, Пиза, Лукка, - писал он в своих заметках, - приняв участие в этом предприятии, возвысили бы свой ежегодный оборот на 200 000 дукатов. Кто сумеет управлять водами Арно в глубине и на поверхности, тот приобретет в каждой десятине земли сокровище". Леонардо казалось, что теперь, перед старостью, судьба дает ему, быть может, последний случай исполнить на службе народа то, что не удалось на службе государей, - показать людям власть науки над природою. (Book Fourteen “Mona Lisa Gioconda”)
Leonardo wanted to turn Tuscany into a garden in bloom. Describing the fourty days after the death of Queen Blenda (Charles Xavier's mother), Kinbote mentions a whole mountain of gift boys from Troth, and Tuscany, and Albanoland:
Her presence at night did not kill insomnia, but at least kept at bay the strong ghost of Queen Blenda. Between exhaustion and drowsiness, he trifled with paltry fancies, such as getting up and pouring out a little cold water from a decanter onto Fleur's naked shoulder so as to extinguish upon it the weak gleam of a moonbeam. Stentoriously the Countess snored in her lair. And beyond the vestibule of his vigil (here he began falling asleep), in the dark cold gallery, lying all over the painted marble and piled three or four deep against the locked door, some dozing, some whimpering, were his new boy pages, a whole mountain of gift boys from Troth, and Tuscany, and Albanoland. (note to Line 80)