In a discarded variant quoted by Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) in his commentary to Shade's poem Shade mentions great temples and Tanagra dust:
We all know those dreams in which something Stygian soaks through and Lethe leaks in the dreary terms of defective plumbing. Following this line, there is a false start preserved in the draft – and I hope the reader will feel something of the chill that ran down my long and supple spine when I discovered this variant:
Should the dead murderer try to embrace
His outraged victim whom he now must face?
Do objects have a soul? Or perish must
Alike great temples and Tanagra dust?
The last syllable of Tanagra and the first three letters of "dust" form the name of the murderer whose shargar (puny ghost) the radiant spirit of our poet was soon to face. "Simple chance!" the pedestrian reader may cry. But let him try to see, as I have tried to see, how many such combinations are possible and plausible. "Leningrad used to be Petrograd?" "A prig rad (obs. past tense of read) us?"
This variant is so prodigious that only scholarly discipline and a scrupulous regard for the truth prevented me from inserting it here, and deleting four lines elsewhere (for example, the weak lines 627-630) so as to preserve the length of the poem.
Shade composed these lines on Tuesday, July 14th. What was Gradus doing that day? Nothing. Combinational fate rests on its laurels. We saw him last on the late afternoon of July 10th when he returned from Lex to his hotel in Geneva, and there we left him.
For the next four days Gradus remained fretting in Geneva. The amusing paradox with these men of action is that they constantly have to endure long stretches of otiosity that they are unable to fill with anything, lacking as they do the resources of an adventurous mind. As many people of little culture, Gradus was a voracious reader of newspapers, pamphlets, chance leaflets and the multilingual literature that comes with nose drops and digestive tablets; but this summed up his concessions to intellectual curiosity, and since his eyesight was not too good, and the consumability of local news not unlimited, he had to rely a great deal on the torpor of sidewalk cafes and on the makeshift of sleep.
How much happier the wide-awake indolents, the monarchs among men, the rich monstrous brains deriving intense enjoyment and rapturous pangs from the balustrade of a terrace at nightfall, from the lights and the lake below, from the distant mountain shapes melting into the dark apricot of the afterglow, from the black conifers outlined against the pale ink of the zenith, and from the garnet and green flounces of the water along the silent, sad, forbidden shoreline. Oh my sweet Boscobel! And the tender and terrible memories, and the shame, and the glory, and the maddening intimation, and the star that no party member can ever reach.
On Wednesday morning, still without news, Gradus telegraphed headquarters saying that he thought it unwise to wait any longer and that he would be staying at Hotel Lazuli, Nice. (note to Line 596)
The Tanagra figurines are a mold-cast type of Greek terracotta figurines produced from the later fourth century BC, named after the Boeotian town of Tanagra, where many were excavated and which has given its name to the whole class. Tanagra dust in Shade’s variant brings to mind pyl’naya vaza Tanagra (a dusty pseudo-Tanagra vase) mentioned by Fyodor Godunov-Cherdyntsev in VN’s novel Dar (“The Gift,” 1937):
Это была очень небольшая, пошловато обставленная, дурно освещённая комната с застрявшей тенью в углу и пыльной вазой танагра на недосягаемой полке, и когда наконец прибыл последний гость, и Александра Яковлевна, ставшая на минуту – как это обычно бывает – замечательно похожа на свой же (синий с бликом) чайник, начала разливать чай, теснота помещения претворилась в подобие какого-то трогательного уездного уюта. На диване, среди подушек – все неаппетитных, заспанных цветов – подле шелковой куклы с бескостными ногами ангела и персидским разрезом очей, которую оба сидящих поочередно мяли, удобно расположились: огромный, бородатый, в довоенных носках со стрелками, Васильев и худенькая, очаровательно дохлая, с розовыми веками барышня – в общем вроде белой мыши; ее звали Тамара (что лучше пристало бы кукле), а фамилия смахивала на один из тех немецких горных ландшафтов, которые висят у рамочников. Около книжной полки сидел Федор Константинович и, хотя в горле стоял кубик, старался казаться в духе. Инженер Керн, близко знавший покойного Александра Блока, извлекал из продолговатой коробки, с клейким шорохом, финик. Внимательно осмотрев кондитерские пирожные на большой тарелке с плохо нарисованным шмелем, Любовь Марковна, вдруг скомкав выбор, взяла тот сорт, на котором непременно бывает след неизвестного пальца: пышку. Хозяин рассказывал старинную первоапрельскую проделку медика первокурсника в Киеве… Но самым интересным из присутствующих был сидевший поодаль, сбоку от письменного стола, и не принимавший участия в общем разговоре, за которым, однако, с тихим вниманием следил, юноша… чем-то действительно напоминавший Федора Константиновича: он напоминал его не чертами лица, которые сейчас было трудно рассмотреть, но тональностью всего облика, – серовато-русым оттенком круглой головы, которая была коротко острижена (что по правилам поздней петербургской романтики шло поэту лучше, чем лохмы), прозрачностью больших, нежных, слегка оттопыренных ушей, тонкостью шеи с тенью выемки у затылка. Он сидел в такой же позе, в какой сиживал и Федор Константинович, – немножко опустив голову, скрестив ноги и не столько скрестив, сколько поджав руки, словно зяб, так что покой тела скорее выражался острыми уступами (колено, локти, щуплое плечо) и сжатостью всех членов, нежели тем обычным смягчением очерка, которое бывает, когда человек отдыхает и слушает. Тень двух томов, стоявших на столе, изображала обшлаг и угол лацкана, а тень тома третьего, склонившегося к другим, могла сойти за галстук. Он был лет на пять моложе Федора Константиновича и, что касается самого лица, то, судя по снимкам на стенах комнаты и в соседней спальне (на столике, между плачущими по ночам постелями), сходства, может быть, и не существовало вовсе, ежели не считать известной его удлиненности при развитости лобных костей, да темной глубины глазниц – паскальевой, по определению физиогномистов, – да ещё, пожалуй, в широких бровях намечалось что-то общее… но нет, дело было не в простом сходстве, а в одинаковости духовной породы двух нескладных по-разному, угловато-чувствительных людей. Он сидел, этот юноша, не поднимая глаз, с чуть лукавой чертой у губ, скромно и не очень удобно, на стуле, вдоль сидения которого блестели медные кнопки, слева от заваленного словарями стола, и, – как бы теряя равновесие, с судорожным усилием, Александр Яковлевич снова открывал взгляд на него, продолжая рассказывать всё то молодецки смешное, чем обычно прикрывал свою болезнь.
It was a smallish, rather tastelessly furnished, badly lighted room with a shadow lingering in one corner and a pseudo-Tanagra vase standing on an unattainable shelf, and when at last the final guest had arrived and Mme. Chernyshevski, becoming for a moment—as usually happens—remarkably similar to her own (blue, gleaming) teapot, began to pour tea, the cramped quarters assumed the guise of a certain touching, provincial coziness. On the sofa, among cushions of various hue—all of them unappetizing and blurry—a silk doll with an angel’s limp legs and a Persian’s almond-shaped eyes was being squeezed alternately by two comfortably settled persons: Vasiliev, huge, bearded, wearing prewar socks arrowed above the ankle; and a fragile, charmingly debilitated girl with pink eyelids, in general appearance rather like a white mouse; her first name was Tamara (which would have better suited the doll), and her last was reminiscent of one of those German mountain landscapes that hang in picture-framing shops. Fyodor sat by the bookshelf and tried to simulate good spirits, despite the lump in his throat. Kern, a civil engineer, who prided himself on having been a close acquaintance of the late Alexander Blok (the celebrated poet), was producing a gluey sound as he extracted a date from an oblong carton. Lyubov Markovna carefully examined the pastries on a large plate with a poorly pictured bumblebee and, suddenly botching her investigation, contented herself with a bun—the sugar-powdered kind that always bears an anonymous fingerprint. The host was telling an ancient story about a medical student’s April Fool’s prank in Kiev…. But the most interesting person in the room sat a little distance apart, by the writing desk, and did not take part in the general conversation—which, however, he followed with quiet attention. He was a youth somewhat resembling Fyodor—not so much in facial features (which at that moment were difficult to distinguish) but in the tonality of his general appearance: the dunnish auburn shade of the round head which was closely cropped (a style which, according to the rules of latter-day St. Petersburg romanticism, was more becoming to a poet than shaggy locks); the transparency of the large, tender, slightly protruding ears; the slenderness of the neck with the shadow of a hollow at its nape. He sat in the same pose Fyodor sometimes assumed—head slightly lowered, legs crossed, arms not so much crossed as hugging each other, as if he felt chilled, so that the repose of the body was expressed more by angular projections (knee, elbow, thin shoulder) and the contraction of all the members rather than by the general softening of the frame when a person is relaxing and listening. The shadows of two volumes standing on the desk mimicked a cuff and the corner of a lapel, while the shadow of a third volume, which was leaning against the others, might have passed for a necktie. He was about five years younger than Fyodor and, as far as the face itself was concerned, if one judged by the photographs on the walls of the room and in the adjacent bedroom (on the little table between twin beds that wept at night), there was perhaps no resemblance at all, if you discounted a certain elongation of outline combined with prominent frontal bones and the dark depth of the eye sockets—Pascal-like, according to the physiognomists—and also there might have been something in common in the breadth of the eyebrows… but no, it was not a matter of ordinary resemblance, but of generic spiritual similarity between two angular and sensitive boys, each odd in his own way. This youth sat with downcast eyes and a trace of mockery on his lips, in a modest, not very comfortable position, on a chair along whose seat copper tacks glinted, to the left of the dictionary-cluttered desk; and Alexander Yakovlevich Chernyshevski, with a convulsive effort, as if regaining lost balance, would tear his gaze away from that shadowy youth, as he went on with the jaunty banter behind which he tried to conceal his mental sickness. (Chapter I)
Poor Alexander Yakovlevich Chernyshevski went mad after the suicide of his son Yasha. An American scholar of Russian descent, Professor Vsevolod Botkin went mad and became the poet Shade, his commentator Kinbote and his murderer Gradus after the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hazel Shade’s “real” name). Nadezhda means "hope." There is a hope that, when Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide (on October 19, 1959, the anniversary of Pushkin’s Lyceum), Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin’s epigrams, “half-milord, half-merchant, etc.”), will be full again.
Tanagra dust = Tanat + Gradus
Tanat is the Russian name of Thanatos, the personification of death in Greek mythology. In the last two lines of his poem Smert' ("Death," 1878) Afanasiy Fet says that, while life is bazar kriklivyi Boga (the loud bazaar of God), death is ego bessmertnyi khram (God's immortal temple):
"Я жить хочу! - кричит он, дерзновенный.
Пускай обман! О, дайте мне обман!"
И в мыслях нет, что это лед мгновенный,
А там, под ним - бездонный океан.
Бежать? Куда? Где правда, где ошибка?
Опора где, чтоб руки к ней простерть?
Что ни расцвет живой, что ни улыбка, -
Уже под ними торжествует смерть.
Слепцы напрасно ищут, где дорога,
Доверясь чувств слепым поводырям;
Но если жизнь - базар крикливый Бога,
То только смерть - его бессмертный храм.
Bezdonnyi okean (the bottomless ocean) mentioned by Fet in the poem's first stanza brings to mind V dushe moey, kak v okeane (In my soul, as in the ocean), a line in Lermontov's poem Net, ya ne Bayron, ya drugoy (“No, I’m not Byron, I’m another,” 1832):
Нет, я не Байрон, я другой,
Ещё неведомый избранник,
Как он, гонимый миром странник,
Но только с русскою душой.
Я раньше начал, кончу ране,
Мой ум немного совершит;
В душе моей, как в океане,
Надежд разбитых груз лежит.
Кто может, океан угрюмый,
Твои изведать тайны? Кто
Толпе мои расскажет думы?
Я — или Бог — или никто!
No, I'm not Byron, I’m another
yet unknown chosen man,
like him, a persecuted wanderer,
but only with a Russian soul.
I started sooner, I will end sooner,
my mind won’t achieve much;
in my soul, as in the ocean,
lies a load of broken hopes.
Who can, gloomy ocean,
find out your secrets? Who
will tell to the crowd my thoughts?
Myself – or God – or none at all!
Nadezhd razbitykh gruz (a load of broken hopes) that lies in Lermontov's soul, as in the ocean, makes one think of Nadezhda Botkin. The last word in Lermontov’s poem is nikto (nobody). Nik. T-o was Innokentiy Annenski’s penname. In his essay Ob Annenskom (“On Annenski,” 1921) Hodasevich compares Annenski to Ivan Ilyich Golovin, the main character of Tolstoy’s story Smert' Ivana Ilyicha (“The Death of Ivan Ilyich,” 1886) and points out that Annenski regarded his penname Nik. T-o (“Mr. Nobody”) as a translation of Greek Outis, the pseudonym under which Odysseus conceals his identity from Polyphemus (the Cyclops in Homer’s Odyssey):
Чего не додумал Иван Ильич, то знал Анненский. Знал, что никаким директорством, никаким бытом и даже никакой филологией от смерти по-настоящему не загородиться. Она уничтожит и директора, и барина, и филолога. Только над истинным его "я", над тем, что отображается в "чувствах и мыслях", над личностью -- у неё как будто нет власти. И он находил реальное, осязаемое отражение и утверждение личности -- в поэзии. Тот, чьё лицо он видел, подходя к зеркалу, был директор гимназии, смертный никто. Тот, чьё лицо отражалось в поэзии, был бессмертный некто. Ник. Т-о -- никто -- есть безличный действительный статский советник, которым, как видимой оболочкой, прикрыт невидимый некто. Этот свой псевдоним, под которым он печатал стихи, Анненский рассматривал как перевод греческого "утис", никто, -- того самого псевдонима, под которым Одиссей скрыл от циклопа Полифема своё истинное имя, свою подлинную личность, своего некто. Поэзия была для него заклятием страшного Полифема -- смерти. Но психологически это не только не мешало, а даже способствовало тому, чтобы его вдохновительницей, его Музой была смерть.
According to Hodasevich, Annenski’s Muse was death. One of the essays in Annenski’s Vtoraya kniga otrazheniy (“The Second Book of Reflections,” 1909) is entitled Yumor Lermontova (“Lermontov’s Humor”). In one of his conversations with Kinbote Shade mentioned Russian humorists:
Speaking of the Head of the bloated Russian Department, Prof. Pnin, a regular martinet in regard to his underlings (happily, Prof. Botkin, who taught in another department, was not subordinated to that grotesque "perfectionist"): "How odd that Russian intellectuals should lack all sense of humor when they have such marvelous humorists as Gogol, Dostoevski, Chekhov, Zoshchenko, and those joint authors of genius Ilf and Petrov." (note to Line 172)
The "real" name of both Sybil Shade (the poet's wife) and Queen Disa (the wife of Charles the Beloved) seems to be Sofia Botkin, born Lastochkin. Lastochki ("The Swallows," 1884) is a poem by Fet (who in August 1857 married Maria Botkin; Hazel Shade drowned in Lake Omega in March 1957). Sofia was the name of Leo Tolstoy's wife (Tolstoy married Sofia Behrs on Sept. 23, 1862). Great temples in Shade's variant also make one think of Hagia Sophia (a mosque and former church in Istanbul, formerly Constantinople, also called in Russian Tsargrad).