In his commentary to Shade's poem Kinbote (in VN's novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) calls Queen Disa (the wife of Charles the Beloved) "a banished queen:"
In 1933, Prince Charles was eighteen and Disa, Duchess of Payn, five. The allusion is to Nice (see also line 240) where the Shades spent the first part of that year; but here again, as in regard to so many fascinating facets of my friend’s past life, I am not in the possession of particulars (who is to blame, dear S.S.?) and not in the position to say whether or not, in the course of possible excursions along the coast, they ever reached Cap Turc and glimpsed from an oleander-lined lane, usually open to tourists, the Italianate villa built by Queen Disa’s grandfather in 1908, and called then Villa Paradiso, or in Zemblan Villa Paradisa, later to forego the first half of its name in honor of his favorite granddaughter. There she spent the first fifteen summers of her life; thither did she return in 1953, “for reasons of health” (as impressed on the nation) but really, a banished queen; and there she still dwells. (note to lines 493-434)
John Webster's play The White Devil (1612) begins with Count Lodovico's exclamation "Banished!":
Enter Count Lodovico, Antonelli, and Gasparo.
Lod. Banished!
Ant. It grieved me much to hear the sentence. (Act I, scene 1)
John Webster (c.1578-c.1632) is the author of The Duchess of Malfi (written in 1612-13 and originally published as The Tragedy of the Dutchesse of Malfy, 1623), a Jacobean revenge tragedy set in the court of Malfi (Amalfi), Italy, from 1504 to 1510. Duchess of Payn, of Great Payn and Mone, Queen Disa seems be a cross between Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Desdemona, Othello's wife in Shakespeare's Othello. Vot v etom palatstso zhila Dezdemona..." ("In this palazzo Desdemona lived," 1914) is a poem by Vladislav Hodasevich (1886-1939):
«Вот в этом палаццо жила Дездемона…»
Всё это неправда, но стыдно смеяться.
Смотри, как стоят за колонной колонна
Вот в этом палаццо.
Вдали затихает вечерняя Пьяцца,
Беззвучно вращается свод небосклона,
Расшитый звездами, как шапка паяца.
Минувшее — мальчик, упавший с балкона…
Того, что настанет, не нужно касаться…
Быть может, и правда — жила Дездемона
Вот в этом палаццо?..
In his poem Sorrentinskie fotografii ("The Sorrento Photographs," 1926) Hodasevich mentions Amalfitanskiy pereval (The Amalfi Pass):
Я вижу скалы и агавы,
А в них, сквозь них и между них -
Домишко низкий и плюгавый.
Обитель прачек и портных.
И как ни отвожу я взора,
Он все маячит предо мной,
Как бы сползая с косогора
Над мутною Москвой-рекой.
И на зеленый, величавый
Амальфитанский перевал
Он жалкой тенью набежал,
Стопою нищенскою стал
На пласт окаменелой лавы.
At the end of his commentary Kinbote mentions a million photographers:
Many years ago - how many I would not care to say - I remember my Zemblan nurse telling me, a little man of six in the throes of adult insomnia: "Minnamin, Gut mag alkan, Pern dirstan" (my darling, God makes hungry, the Devil thirsty). Well, folks, I guess many in this fine hall are as hungry and thirsty as me, and I'd better stop, folks, right here.
Yes, better stop. My notes and self are petering out. Gentlemen, I have suffered very much, and more than any of you can imagine. I pray for the Lord's benediction to rest on my wretched countrymen. My work is finished. My poet is dead.
"And you, what will you be doing with yourself, poor King, poor Kinbote?" a gentle young voice may inquire.
God will help me, I trust, to rid myself of any desire to follow the example of two other characters in this work. I shall continue to exist. I may assume other disguises, other forms, but I shall try to exist. I may turn up yet, on another campus, as an old, happy, healthy, heterosexual Russian, a writer in exile, sans fame, sans future, sans audience, sans anything but his art. I may join forces with Odon in a new motion picture: Escape from Zembla (ball in the palace, bomb in the palace square). I may pander to the simple tastes of theatrical critics and cook up a stage play, an old-fashioned Melodrama with three principals: a lunatic who intends to kill an imaginary king, another lunatic who imagines himself to be that king, and a distinguished old poet who stumbles by chance into the line of fire, and perishes in the clash between the two figments. Oh, I may do many things! History permitting, I may sail back to my recovered kingdom, and with a great sob greet the gray coastline and the gleam of a roof in the rain. I may huddle and groan in a madhouse. But whatever happens, wherever the scene is laid, somebody, somewhere, will quietly set out - somebody has already set out, somebody still rather far away is buying a ticket, is boarding a bus, a ship, a plane, has landed, is walking toward a million photographers, and presently he will ring at my door - a bigger, more respectable, more competent Gradus. (note to Line 1000)
A million photographers bring to mind the millions of two-legged creatures mentioned by Pushkin in Chapter Two (XIV: 5-7) of Eugene Onegin:
Но дружбы нет и той меж нами.
Все предрассудки истребя,
Мы почитаем всех нулями,
А единицами - себя.
Мы все глядим в Наполеоны;
Двуногих тварей миллионы
Для нас орудие одно;
Нам чувство дико и смешно.
Сноснее многих был Евгений;
Хоть он людей, конечно, знал
И вообще их презирал, -
Но (правил нет без исключений)
Иных он очень отличал
И вчуже чувство уважал.
But in our midst there’s even no such friendship:
Having destroyed all the prejudices,
We deem all people naughts
And ourselves units.
We all expect to be Napoleons;
the millions of two-legged creatures
for us are only tools;
feeling to us is weird and ludicrous.
More tolerant than many was Eugene,
though he, of course, knew men
and on the whole despised them;
but no rules are without exceptions:
some people he distinguished greatly
and, though estranged from it, respected feeling.
The motto of Chapter Three of EO, Elle était fille; elle était amoureuse (She was a girl; she was in love), is from Malfilâtre's Narcisse, ou l'isle de Vénus (1768), "a third-rate poem in four long cantoes." A poem in heroic couplets, Shade's Pale Fire is divided into four cantoes. Elle in Malfilâtre's poem is the nymph Echo. At the end of Canto Four of his poem Shade mentions his sensual love for the consonne d'appui (intrusive consonant), Echo's fey child. In Malfilâtre (Jacques Charles Louis Clinchamps de Malfilâtre, 1733-67) there is Malfi. Malfi brings to mind King Alfin (the father of Charles the Beloved) and Malva (1897), a stroy by Maxim Gorki that begins and ends with the sentence More smeyalos' (The sea was laughing). In his memoir essay Zavtrak v Sorrento ("A Breakfast in Sorrento," 1938) Hodasevich (who lived as a guest at Gorki's villa) says that Gorki's household name was Duka:
Дука - домашнее прозвище Горького. По этому поводу позволю себе сделать небольшое отступление. В эпоху первой эмиграции, когда Горький жил не в Сорренто, а на Капри, его тогдашняя жена М.Ф. Андреева старалась создать легенду вокруг него. Домашней прислуге, лодочникам, рыбакам, бродячим музыкантам, мелким торговцам и тому подобной публике она рассказала, что она - русская герцогиня, дукесса, которую свирепый царь изгнал из России за то, что она вышла замуж за простого рабочего - Максима Горького. Эта легенда до крайности чаровала романтическое воображение каприйской и неаполитанской улицы, тем более что Андреева разбрасывала чаевые с чисто герцогской щедростью. Таким образом, местная популярность Горького не имела ничего общего с представлением о нем как о писателе, буревестнике, певце пролетариата и т.д. В сущности, она была даже для него компроментарна, потому что им восхищались как ловким парнем, который сумел устроиться при богачке, да еще герцогине, да еще красавице. Все это рассказывал мне Максим, который терпеть не мог свою мачеху. Думаю, что отсюда же возникло и прозвище Дука, то есть герцог. Возможно, впрочем, что оно имело иное происхождение.
A banished queen (as Kinbote calls Queen Disa) brings to mind Hodasevich's poem Net, ne shotlandskoy korolevoy ("No, not as the Scottish queen," 1937):
Нет, не шотландской королевой
Ты умирала для меня:
Иного, памятного дня,
Иного, близкого напева
Ты в сердце оживила след.
Он промелькнул, его уж нет.
Но за минутное господство
Над озаренною душой,
За умиление, за сходство -
Будь счастлива! Господь с тобой.
By the Scottish queen Hodasevich means Mary Stuart (1542-87) played by Katharine Hepburn (whom Nina Berberova, Hodasevich's third wife, resembled) in Mary of Scotland (1936), an American historical drama film. The poem's first line makes one think of Lermontov’s poem Net, ya ne Bayron, ya drugoy… ("No, I'm not Byron, I'm another..." 1832) that ends in the line Ya – ili Bog – ili nikto (myself, or God, or none at all):
Нет, я не Байрон, я другой,
Еще неведомый избранник,
Как он, гонимый миром странник,
Но только с русскою душой.
Я раньше начал, кончу ране,
Мой ум немного совершит;
В душе моей, как в океане,
Надежд разбитых груз лежит.
Кто может, океан угрюмый,
Твои изведать тайны? Кто
Толпе мои расскажет думы?
Я - или бог - или никто!
No, I'm not Byron, I’m another
yet unknown chosen man,
like him, a persecuted wanderer,
but only with a Russian soul.
I started sooner, I will end sooner,
my mind won’t achieve much;
in my soul, as in the ocean,
lies a load of broken hopes.
Gloomy ocean, who can
find out your secrets? Who
will tell to the crowd my thoughts?
Myself – or God – or none at all!
In Pushkin’s little tragedy Mozart and Salieri (1830) Mozart uses the phrase nikto b (none would):
Когда бы все так чувствовали силу
Гармонии! Но нет: тогда б не мог
И мир существовать; никто б не стал
Заботиться о нуждах низкой жизни;
Все предались бы вольному искусству.
If all could feel like you the power
of harmony! But no: the world
could not go on then. None would
bother about the needs of lowly life;
All would surrender to free art. (Scene II)
Nikto b is Botkin (Shade’s, Kinbote’s and Gradus’ “real” name) in reverse. An American scholar of Russian descent, Professor Vsevolod Botkin went mad and became the poet Shade, his commentator Kinbote and his mursderer Gradus after the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hazel Shade’s “real” name). Nadezhda means “hope.” There is a hope that, when Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide (on October 19, 1959, the anniversary of Pushkin's Lyceum), Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin's epigrams, "half-milord, half-merchant, etc."), will be full again.