Describing the difference between Terra and Antiterra (aka Demonia, Earth’s twin planet on which Ada is set), Van Veen (the narrator and main character in VN’s novel Ada, 1969) mentions the deepest thinkers, the purest philosophers, Paar of Chose and Zapater of Aardvark:
The details of the L disaster (and I do not mean Elevated) in the beau milieu of last century, which had the singular effect of both causing and cursing the notion of ‘Terra,’ are too well-known historically, and too obscene spiritually, to be treated at length in a book addressed to young laymen and lemans — and not to grave men or gravemen.
Of course, today, after great anti-L years of reactionary delusion have gone by (more or less!) and our sleek little machines, Faragod bless them, hum again after a fashion, as they did in the first half of the nineteenth century, the mere geographic aspect of the affair possesses its redeeming comic side, like those patterns of brass marquetry, and bric-à-Braques, and the ormolu horrors that meant ‘art’ to our humorless forefathers. For, indeed, none can deny the presence of something highly ludicrous in the very configurations that were solemnly purported to represent a varicolored map of Terra. Ved’ (‘it is, isn’t it’) sidesplitting to imagine that ‘Russia,’ instead of being a quaint synonym of Estoty, the American province extending from the Arctic no longer vicious Circle to the United States proper, was on Terra the name of a country, transferred as if by some sleight of land across the ha-ha of a doubled ocean to the opposite hemisphere where it sprawled over all of today’s Tartary, from Kurland to the Kuriles! But (even more absurdly), if, in Terrestrial spatial terms, the Amerussia of Abraham Milton was split into its components, with tangible water and ice separating the political, rather than poetical, notions of ‘America’ and ‘Russia,’ a more complicated and even more preposterous discrepancy arose in regard to time — not only because the history of each part of the amalgam did not quite match the history of each counterpart in its discrete condition, but because a gap of up to a hundred years one way or another existed between the two earths; a gap marked by a bizarre confusion of directional signs at the crossroads of passing time with not all the no-longers of one world corresponding to the not-yets of the other. It was owing, among other things, to this ‘scientifically ungraspable’ concourse of divergences that minds bien rangés (not apt to unhobble hobgoblins) rejected Terra as a fad or a fantom, and deranged minds (ready to plunge into any abyss) accepted it in support and token of their own irrationality.
As Van Veen himself was to find out, at the time of his passionate research in terrology (then a branch of psychiatry) even the deepest thinkers, the purest philosophers, Paar of Chose and Zapater of Aardvark, were emotionally divided in their attitude toward the possibility that there existed’ a distortive glass of our distorted glebe’ as a scholar who desires to remain unnamed has put it with such euphonic wit. (Hm! Kveree-kveree, as poor Mlle L. used to say to Gavronsky. In Ada’s hand.) (1.3)
Darkbloom (‘Notes to Ada’): beau milieu: right in the middle.
Faragod: apparently, the god of electricity.
braques: allusion to a bric-à-brac painter.
The aardvark (Orycteropus afer) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa. The name "aardvark" is Afrikaans, comes from earlier Afrikaans erdvark and means "earth pig" or "ground pig," because of the animal's burrowing habits. The pig (Sus domesticus) is often called swine. Svinedrengen (The Swineherd, 1841) is a fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen (1805-75). The author of De røde sko (The Red Shoes, 1845), Andersen was the son of a shoemaker and an illiterate washerwoman. Zapatero is Spanish for "shoemaker." Paar of Chose suggests "pair of shoes." At the beginning of his fairy tale Snedronningen (The Snow Queen, 1844) Andersen mentions a very wicked hobgoblin who made a magic looking-glass:
You must attend to the commencement of this story, for when we get to the end we shall know more than we do now about a very wicked hobgoblin; he was one of the very worst, for he was a real demon.
One day, when he was in a merry mood, he made a looking-glass which had the power of making everything good or beautiful that was reflected in it almost shrink to nothing, while everything that was worthless and bad looked increased in size and worse than ever. The most lovely landscapes appeared like boiled spinach, and the people became hideous, and looked as if they stood on their heads and had no bodies. Their countenances were so distorted that no one could recognize them, and even one freckle on the face appeared to spread over the whole of the nose and mouth. The demon said this was very amusing. When a good or pious thought passed through the mind of any one it was misrepresented in the glass; and then how the demon laughed at his cunning invention. All who went to the demon’s school—for he kept a school—talked everywhere of the wonders they had seen, and declared that people could now, for the first time, see what the world and mankind were really like. They carried the glass about everywhere, till at last there was not a land nor a people who had not been looked at through this distorted mirror. They wanted even to fly with it up to heaven to see the angels, but the higher they flew the more slippery the glass became, and they could scarcely hold it, till at last it slipped from their hands, fell to the earth, and was broken into millions of pieces. But now the looking-glass caused more unhappiness than ever, for some of the fragments were not so large as a grain of sand, and they flew about the world into every country. When one of these tiny atoms flew into a person’s eye, it stuck there unknown to him, and from that moment he saw everything through a distorted medium, or could see only the worst side of what he looked at, for even the smallest fragment retained the same power which had belonged to the whole mirror. Some few persons even got a fragment of the looking-glass in their hearts, and this was very terrible, for their hearts became cold like a lump of ice. A few of the pieces were so large that they could be used as window-panes; it would have been a sad thing to look at our friends through them. Other pieces were made into spectacles; this was dreadful for those who wore them, for they could see nothing either rightly or justly. At all this the wicked demon laughed till his sides shook—it tickled him so to see the mischief he had done. There were still a number of these little fragments of glass floating about in the air, and now you shall hear what happened with one of them.
Aardvark University seems to be the Antiterran counterpart of Harvard. As pointed out by Bob Fagen, hårvård means "hair care" in Swedish. The Barber of Seville is a comedy (1775) by Pierre Beaumarchais and an opera buffa (1816) by Gioachino Rossini with an Italian libretto by Cesare Sterbini. Sterben being German for "to die," the librettist's name makes one think of old Rattner's pun:
Van spent the fall term of 1892 at Kingston University, Mayne, where there was a first-rate madhouse, as well as a famous Department of Terrapy, and where he now went back to one of his old projects, which turned on the Idea of Dimension & Dementia (‘You will "sturb," Van, with an alliteration on your lips,’ jested old Rattner, resident pessimist of genius, for whom life was only a ‘disturbance’ in the rattnerterological order of things — from ‘nertoros,’ not ‘terra’).
Van Veen [as also, in his small way, the editor of Ada] liked to change his abode at the end of a section or chapter or even paragraph, and he had almost finished a difficult bit dealing with the divorce between time and the contents of time (such as action on matter, in space, and the nature of space itself) and was contemplating moving to Manhattan (that kind of switch being a reflection of mental rubrication rather than a concession to some farcical ‘influence of environment’ endorsed by Marx père, the popular author of ‘historical’ plays), when he received an unexpected dorophone call which for a moment affected violently his entire pulmonary and systemic circulation. (2.5)
Darkbloom ('Notes to Ada'): sturb: pun on Germ. sterben, to die.
The Idea of Dimension & Dementia brings to mind drugoe izmerenie (a different dimension) mentioned by Fyodor Godunov-Cherdyntsev in Zhizn' Chernyshevskogo ("The Life of Chernyshevski"), Chapter Four of VN's novel Dar ("The Gift," 1937):
Из всех безумцев, рвавших в клочья жизнь Чернышевского, худшим был его сын; конечно – не младший, Михаил, который жизнь прожил смирную, с любовью занимаясь тарифными вопросами (служил по железнодорожному делу): он-то вывелся из положительной отцовской цифры и сыном был добрым, – ибо в то время, как его блудный брат (получается нравоучительная картинка) выпускал (1896–98 гг.) свои «Рассказы-фантазии» и сборник никчемных стихов, он набожно начинал свое монументальное издание произведений Николая Гавриловича, которое почти довел до конца, когда в 1924 году, окруженный всеобщим уважением, умер – лет через десять после того, как Александр скоропостижно скончался в грешном Риме, в комнатке с каменным полом, объясняясь в нечеловеческой любви к итальянскому искусству и крича в пылу дикого вдохновения, что, если бы люди его послушали, жизнь пошла бы иначе, иначе! Сотворенный словно из всего того, чего отец не выносил, Саша, едва выйдя из отрочества, пристрастился ко всему диковинному, сказочному, непонятному современникам, – зачитывался Гофманом и Эдгаром По, увлекался чистой математикой, а немного позже – один из первых в России – оценил французских «проклятых поэтов». Отец, прозябая в Сибири, не мог следить за развитием сына (воспитывавшегося у Пыпиных), а то, что узнавал, толковал по-своему, тем более, что от него скрывали душевную болезнь Саши. Понемногу, однако, чистота этой математики стала Чернышевского раздражать, – и можно легко себе представить с какими чувствами юноша читал длинные отцовские письма, начинающиеся с подчеркнуто добродушной шутки, а затем (как разговоры того чеховского героя, который приступал так хорошо, – старый студент, мол, неисправимый идеалист…) завершавшиеся яростной руганью; его бесила эта математическая страсть не только как проявление неполезного: измываясь над всякой новизной, отставший от жизни Чернышевский отводил душу на всех новаторах, чудаках и неудачниках мира.
Добрейший Пыпин, в январе 75 года посылает ему в Вилюйск прикрашенный образ сына-студента, сообщая ему и то, что может быть приятно создателю Рахметова (Саша, дескать, заказал металлический шар в полпуда для гимнастики), и то, что должно быть лестно всякому отцу: со сдержанной нежностью Пыпин, вспоминая свою молодую дружбу с Николаем Гавриловичем (которому был многим обязан), рассказывает о том, что Саша так же неловок, угловат, как отец, так же смеется громогласно с дискантовыми тонами… Вдруг осенью 77 года Саша поступает в Невский пехотный полк, но не доехав до действующей армии заболевает тифом (в его постоянных несчастьях своеобразно сказывается наследие отца, у которого все ломалось, все выпадало из рук). По возвращении в Петербург он поселился один, давал уроки, печатал статьи по теории вероятности. С 82 года его душевный недуг обострился, и неоднократно приходилось его помещать в лечебницу. Он боялся пространства или, точнее, боялся соскользнуть в другое измерение, – и, чтоб не погибнуть, все держался за верную, прочную, в эвклидовых складках, юбку Пелагеи Николаевны Фан-дер-Флит (рожденной Пыпиной).
От Чернышевского, переехавшего в Астрахань, продолжали это скрывать. С каким-то истязательским упорством, с чопорной черствостью, под стать преуспевшему буржуа диккенсова или бальзакова производства, он в письмах называет сына «нелепой чудачиной», «нищенствующим чудаком», и упрекает его в желании «оставаться нищим». Наконец Пыпин не выдержал и с некоторой горячностью объяснил двоюродному брату, что, если Саша и не стал «расчетливым и холодным дельцом», он зато «нажил чистую, честную душу».
Of all the madmen who tore Chernyshevski’s life into shreds, the worst was his son; not the youngest, of course, Mihail (Misha), who lived a quiet life, lovingly working away at tariff questions (he was employed in the railroads department): he had been evolved from his father’s “positive number” and was a good son, for at the time (1896–98) when his prodigal brother (which makes a moralistic picture) was publishing his Fantastic Tales and a collection of futile poems, he was piously beginning his monumental edition of his late father’s works, which he had practically brought to conclusion when he died, in 1924, surrounded by general esteem—ten years after Alexander (Sasha) had died suddenly in sinful Rome, in a small room with a stone floor, declaring his superhuman love for Italian art and crying in the heat of wild inspiration that if people would only listen to him life would be different, different! Created apparently out of everything that his father could not stand, Sasha, hardly out of his boyhood, developed a passion for everything that was weird, chimerical, and incomprehensible to his contemporaries—he lost himself in E.T.A. Hoffmann and Edgar Poe, was fascinated by pure mathematics, and a little later he was one of the first in Russia to appreciate the French “poètes maudits.” The father, vegetating in Siberia, was unable to look after the development of his son (who was brought up by the Pypins) and what he learned he interpreted in his own way, the more so since they concealed Sasha’s mental disease from him. Gradually, however, the purity of this mathematics began to irritate Chernyshevski—and one can easily imagine with what feelings the youth used to read those long letters from his father, beginning with a deliberately debonair joke and then (like the conversations of that Chekhov character who used to begin so well—“an old alumnus, you know, an incurable idealist …”) concluding with irate abuse; this passion for mathematics enraged him not only as a manifestation of something nonutilitarian: by jeering at everything modern, Chernyshevski whom life had outdistanced would unburden himself concerning all the innovators, eccentrics and failures of this world.
His kindhearted cousin, Pypin, in January 1875, sends him to Vilyuisk an embellished description of his student son, informing him of what might please the creator of Rakhmetov (Sasha, he wrote, had ordered an eighteen-pound metal ball for gymnastics) and what must be flattering to any father: with restrained tenderness, Pypin, recalling his youthful friendship with Nikolay Gavrilovich (to whom he was much indebted), relates that Sasha is just as clumsy, just as angular as his father was, and also laughs as loud in the same treble tones…. Suddenly, in the autumn of 1877, Sasha joined the Nevski infantry regiment, but before he reached the active army (the Russo-Turkish war was in progress) he fell ill with typhus (in his constant misfortunes one is aware of a legacy from his father, who also used to break everything and drop everything). Returning to St. Petersburg he lived alone, giving lessons and publishing articles on the theory of probability. After 1882 his mental ailment was aggravated, and more than once he had to be placed in a nursing-home. He was afraid of space, or more exactly, he was afraid of slipping into a different dimension—and in order to avoid perishing he clung continuously to the safe, solid—with Euclidean pleats—skirt of Pelageya Nikolaevna Fanderflit (née Pypin).
From Chernyshevski, who had now moved to Astrakhan, they continued to hide this. With a kind of sadistic obstinacy, with pedantic callousness matching that of any prosperous bourgeois in Dickens or Balzac, he called his son in his letters “a big ludicrous freak” and an “eccentric pauper” and accused him of a desire “to remain a beggar.” Finally Pypin could stand it no longer and explained to his cousin with a certain warmth that although Sasha may not have become “a cold and calculating businessman,” he had in compensation “acquired a pure and honorable soul.”
Describing Chernyshevski's deathbed delirium, Fyodor mentions Copenhagen (the capital of Denmark, Andersen's homeland):
Лихорадочная работа Чернышевского над глыбами Вебера (превращавшая его мозг в каторжный завод и являвшаяся в сущности величайшей насмешкой над человеческой мыслью) не покрывала неожиданных расходов, - и день-деньской диктуя, диктуя, диктуя, он чувствовал, что больше не может - что историю мира не может больше обращать в рубли, - а тут еще мучил панический страх, что из Парижа Саша нагрянет в Саратов. 11-го октября он написал сыну, что мать ему посылает деньги на возвращение в Петербург, и - в который раз - посоветовал ему взять любую службу и исполнять всё, что начальство велит делать: "Твои невежественные, нелепые назидания начальству не могут быть терпимы никакими начальниками" (так завершилась "тема прописей"). Продолжая дергаться и бормотать, он запечатал конверт и сам пошел на вокзал письмо отправить. По городу кружил жестокий ветер, который на первом же углу и продул легко одетого, торопящегося, сердитого старичка. На другой день, несмотря на жар, он перевел восемнадцать страниц убористого шрифта; 13-го хотел продолжать, но его уговорили бросить; 14-го у него начался бред: "Инга, инк... (вздох) совсем я расстроен... С новой строки... Если бы послать в Шлезвиг-Гольштейн тысяч тридцать шведского войска, оно легко разобьет все силы датчан и овладеет... всеми островами, кроме разве Копенгагена, который будет защищаться упорно, но в ноябре, в скобках поставьте девятого числа, сдался и Копенгаген - точка с запятой; шведы превратили всё население датской столицы в светлое серебро, отослали в Египет энергических людей патриотических партий... Да-с, да-с, так где ж это... С новой строки...". Так он бредил долго, от воображаемого Вебера перескакивая на какие-то воображаемые свои мемуары, кропотливо рассуждая о том, что "самая маленькая судьба этого человека решена, ему нет спасения... В его крови найдена хоть микроскопическая частичка гноя, судьба его решена...". О себе ли он говорил, в себе ли почувствовал эту частичку, тайно испортившую всё то, что он за жизнь свою сделал и испытал? Мыслитель, труженик, светлый ум, населявший свои утопии армией стенографистов, - он теперь дождался того, что его бред записал секретарь. В ночь на 17-ое с ним был удар, - чувствовал, что язык во рту какой-то толстый; после чего вскоре скончался. Последними его словами (в 3 часа утра, 16-го) было: "Странное дело: в этой книге ни разу не упоминается о Боге". Жаль, что мы не знаем, какую именно книгу он про себя читал.
Chernyshevski’s feverish work on huge masses of Weber (which turned his brain into a forced labor factory and represented in fact the greatest mockery of human thought) did not cover unlooked-for expenditures—and day after day dictating, dictating, dictating, he felt that he could not go on, could not go on turning world history into rubles—and in the meantime he was also tormented by the panicky fear that from Paris, Sasha would come crashing into Saratov. On October 11th, he wrote Sasha that his mother was sending him the money for his return to St. Petersburg, and—for the millionth time—advised him to take any job and do everything that his superiors might tell him to do: “Your ignorant, ridiculous sermons to your superiors cannot be tolerated by any superiors” (thus ends the “theme of writing exercises”). Continuing to twitch and mutter, he sealed the envelope and himself went to the station to mail the letter. Through the town whirled a cruel wind, which on the very first corner chilled the hurrying, angry little old man in his light coat. The following day, despite a fever, he translated eighteen pages of close print; on the 13th he wanted to continue, but he was persuaded to desist; on the 14th delirium set in: “Inga, inc [nonsense words, then a sigh] I’m quite unsettled… Paragraph… If some thirty thousand Swedish troops could be sent to Schleswig-Holstein they would easily rout all the Danes’ forces and overrun… all the islands, except, perhaps Copenhagen, which will resist stubbornly, but in November, in parentheses put the ninth, Copenhagen also surrendered, semicolon; the Swedes turned the whole population of the Danish capital into shining silver, banished the energetic men of the patriotic parties to Egypt… Yes, yes, where was I… New paragraph …” Thus he rambled on for a long time, jumping from an imaginary Weber to some imaginary memoirs of his own, laboriously discoursing about the fact that “the smallest fate of this man has been decided, there is no salvation for him… Although microscopic, a tiny particle of pus has been found in his blood, his fate has been decided …” Was he talking about himself, was it in himself that he felt this tiny particle that had kept mysteriously impairing all he did and experienced in life? A thinker, a toiler, a lucid mind, populating his utopias with an army of stenographers—he had now lived to see his delirium taken down by a secretary. On the night of the 16th he had a stroke—he felt the tongue in his mouth to be somehow thick; after which he soon died. His last words (at 3 A.M. on the 17th) were: “A strange business: in this book there is not a single mention of God.” It is a pity that we do not know precisely which book he was reading to himself. (The Gift, Chapter Four)
In Siberia Chernyshevski wanted to write uchyonuyu skazochku (a learned fairy tale):
Когда-то, а именно в 53 году, отец ему писал (по поводу его "Опыта словаря Ипатьевской летописи"): "Лучше бы написал какую-нибудь сказочку... сказочка еще и ныне в моде бонтонного мира". Через много лет, Чернышевский сообщает жене, что хочет написать "ученую сказочку", задуманную в остроге, в которой ее изобразит в виде двух девушек: "Это будет недурная ученая сказочка (повторение отцовского ритма). Если б ты знала, сколько я хохотал сам с собой изобретая разные шумные резвости младшей... Сколько плакал от умиления, изображая патетические раздумья... старшей!". "Чернышевский, - доносили его тюремщики, - по ночам то поет, то танцует, то плачет навзрыд".
Once (in 1853), his father had written him (regarding his A Tentative Lexicon of the Hypatian Chronicle): “You would do better to write some tale or other… tales are still in fashion in good society.” Many years afterwards Chernyshevski informs his wife that he has thought up in his prison and wants to set down in writing “an ingenious little tale” wherein he will portray her in the form of two girls: “It will be quite a good little tale [repeating his father’s rhythm]. If only you knew how much I have laughed to myself when depicting the various noisy frolics of the younger one, how much I cried with tenderness when depicting the pathetic meditations of the elder!” “At night Chernyshevski,” reported his jailers, “sometimes sings, sometimes dances and sometimes weeps and sobs.” (The Gift, Chapter Four)