In his Commentary and Index to Shade's poem Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mentions Iris Act, a celebrated actress, favorite of Thurgus the Third (grandfather of Charles the Beloved):
The secret passage seemed to have grown more squalid. The intrusion of its surroundings was even more evident than on the day when two lads shivering in thin jerseys and shorts had explored it. The pool of opalescent ditch water had grown in length; along its edge walked a sick bat like a cripple with a broken umbrella. A remembered spread of colored sand bore the thirty-year-old patterned imprint of Oleg's shoe, as immortal as the tracks of an Egyptian child's tame gazelle made thirty centuries ago on blue Nilotic bricks drying in the sun. And, at the spot where the passage went through the foundations of a museum, there had somehow wandered down, to exile and disposal, a headless statue of Mercury, conductor of souls to the Lower World, and a cracked krater with two black figures shown dicing under a black palm.
The last bend of the passage, ending in the green door, contained an accumulation of loose boards across which the fugitive stepped not without stumbling. He unlocked the door and upon pulling it open was stopped by a heavy black drapery. As he began fumbling among its vertical folds for some sort of ingress, the weak light of his torch rolled its hopeless eye and went out. He dropped it: it fell into muffled nothingness. The King thrust both arms into the deep folds of the chocolate-smelling cloth and, despite the uncertainty and the danger of the moment, was, as it were, physically reminded by his own movement of the comical, at first controlled, then frantic undulations of a theatrical curtain through which a nervous actor tries vainly to pass. This grotesque sensation, at this diabolical instant, solved the mystery of the passage even before he wriggled at last through the drapery into the dimly lit, dimly cluttered lumbarkamer which had once been Iris Acht's dressing room in the Royal Theater. It still was what it had become after her death: a dusty hole of a room communicating with a kind of hall whither performers would sometimes wander during rehearsals. Pieces of mythological scenery leaning against the wall half concealed a large dusty velvet-framed photograph of King Thurgus - bushy mustache, pince-nez, medals - as he was at the time when the mile-long corridor provided an extravagant means for his trysts with Iris. (note to Line 130)
Acht, Iris, celebrated actress, d. 1888, a passionate and powerful woman, favorite of Thurgus the Third (q. v.), 130. She died officially by her own hand; unofficially, strangled in her dressing room by a fellow actor, a jealous young Gothlander, now, at ninety, the oldest, and least important, member of the Shadows (q. v.) group. (Index)
Iris Acht died in 1888. A Russian poet ("egofuturist") who wrote under the penname Graal Arelski, Stefan Petrov was born in 1888 and died in a labor camp in 1937 (a hundred years after Pushkin's death). In VN’s novel Zashchita Luzhina (“The Luzhin Defense,” 1930) the guests at a party thrown by Luzhin’s wife include Graalski (an elderly actor with a face manipulated by many roles) and Petrov, a plain-looking man whose sole function in life was to carry, reverently and with concentration, that which had been entrusted to him, something which it was necessary at all costs to preserve in all its detail and in all its purity. At the beginning of VN’s novel the French governess reads to little Luzhin Le Comte de Monte-Cristo:
Больше всего его поразило то, что с понедельника он будет Лужиным. Его отец - настоящий Лужин, пожилой Лужин, Лужин, писавший книги,- вышел от него, улыбаясь, потирая руки, уже смазанные на ночь прозрачным английским кремом, и своей вечерней замшевой походкой вернулся к себе в спальню. Жена лежала в постели. Она приподнялась и спросила: "Ну что, как?" Он снял свой серый халат и ответил: "Обошлось. Принял спокойно. Ух... Прямо гора с плеч". "Как хорошо...- сказала жена, медленно натягивая на себя шелковое одеяло.- Слава Богу, слава Богу..."
Это было и впрямь облегчение. Все лето - быстрое дачное лето, состоящее в общем из трех запахов: сирень, сенокос, сухие листья - все лето они обсуждали вопрос, когда и как перед ним открыться, и откладывали, откладывали, дотянули до конца августа. Они ходили вокруг него, с опаской суживая круги, но, только он поднимал голову, отец с напускным интересом уже стучал по стеклу барометра, где стрелка всегда стояла на шторме, а мать уплывала куда-то в глубь дома оставляя все двери открытыми, забывая длинный, неряшливый букет колокольчиков на крышке рояля. Тучная француженка, читавшая ему вслух "Монте-кристо" и прерывавшая чтение, чтобы с чувством воскликнуть "бедный, бедный Дантес!", предлагала его родителям, что сама возьмет быка за рога, хотя быка этого смертельно боялась. Бедный, бедный Дантес не возбуждал в нем участия, и, наблюдая ее воспитательный вздох, он только щурился и терзал резинкой ватманскую бумагу, стараясь поужаснее нарисовать выпуклость её бюста.
What struck him most was the fact that from Monday on he would be Luzhin. His father — the real Luzhin, the elderly Luzhin, the writer, of books — left the nursery with a smile, rubbing his hands (already smeared for the night with transparent cold cream), and with his suede-slippered evening gait padded back to his bedroom. His wife lay in bed. She half raised herself and said: 'Well, how did it go?' He removed his gray dressing gown and replied: 'We managed. Took it calmly. Ouf... that's a real weight off my shoulders.' 'How nice...' said his wife, slowly drawing the silk blanket over her. 'Thank goodness, thank goodness...
It was indeed a relief. The whole summer — a swift country summer consisting in the main of three smells: lilac, new-mown hay, and dry leaves — the whole summer they had debated the question of when and how to tell him, and they had kept putting it off so that it dragged on until the end of August. They had moved around him in apprehensively narrowing circles, but he had only to raise his head and his father would already be rapping with feigned interest on the barometer dial, where the hand always stood at storm, while his mother would sail away somewhere into the depths of the house, leaving all the doors open and forgetting the long, messy bunch of bluebells on the lid of the piano. The stout French governess who used to read The Count of Monte Cristo aloud to him (and interrupt her reading in order to exclaim feelingly 'poor, poor Dantès!') proposed to the parents that she herself take the bull by the horns, though this bull inspired mortal fear in her. Poor, poor Dantès did not arouse any sympathy in him, and observing her educational sigh he merely slitted his eyes and rived his drawing paper with an eraser, as he tried to portray her protuberant bust as horribly as possible. (Сhapter 1)
In the first days of his married life Luzhin types out a letter and signs it "Abbe Busoni:"
В эти же первые дни супружества Лужин посетил контору тестя. Тесть что-то диктовал, а пишущая машинка твердил" свое - скороговоркой повторяла слово "то", приблизительно со следующей интонацией: "то ты пишешь не то, Тото, то - то то, то это мешает писать вообще",- и что-то с треском передвигалось. Тесть ему показал стопки бланков, бухгалтерские книги с зетоподобными линиями на страницах, книги с оконцами на корешках, чудовищно толстые тома коммерческой Германии, счетную машину, очень умную, совершенно ручную. Однако, больше всего Лужину понравился Тото, пишущий не то, слова, быстро посыпавшиеся на бумагу, чудесная ровность лиловых строк и сразу несколько копий. "Я бы тоже... Надо знать",- сказал он, и тесть одобрительно кивнул, и пишущая машинка появилась у Лужина в кабинете. Ему было предложено, что один из конторских служащих придет и ему все объяснит, но он отказался, ответив, что научится сам. И точно: он довольно быстро разобрался в устройстве, научился вставлять ленту, вкатывать листы, подружился со всеми рычажками. Труднее оказалось запомнить расположение букв, стукание шло чрезвычайно медленно; никакой тотовой скороговорки не получалось, и почему-то с первого же дня - пристал восклицательный знак,- выскакивал в самых неожиданных местах. Сперва он переписал полстолбца из немецкой газеты, а потом сам кое-что сочинил. Вышло короткое письмецо такого содержания: "Вы требуетесь по обвинению в убийстве. Сегодня 27 ноября. Убийство и поджог. Здравствуйте, милостивая государыня! Теперь, когда ты нужен, восклицательный знак, где ты? Тело найдено. Милостивая государыня!! Сегодня придет полиция!!!" Лужин перечел это несколько раз и, вставив обратно лист, подписал довольно криво, мучительно ища букв: "Аббат Бузони". Тут ему стало скучно, дело шло слишком медленно. И как-нибудь нужно было приспособить написанное письмо. Порывшись в телефонной книге, он выискал некую Луизу Альтман, рантьершу, написал от руки адрес и послал ей свое сочинение.
It was during these first days of married life that Luzhin visited his father-in-law's office. His father-in-law was dictating something, but the typewriter stuck to its own version--repeating the word "tot" in a rapid chatter with something like the following intonation: tot Hottentot tot tot tot do not totter--and then something would move across with a bang. His father-in-law showed him sheafs of forms, account books with Z-shaped lines on the pages, books with little windows on their spines, the monstrously thick tomes of Commercial Germany, and a calculating machine, very clever and quite tame. However, Luzhin liked Tot-tot best of all, the words spilling swiftly out onto the paper, the wonderful evenness of the lilac lines--and several copies at the same time. "I wonder if I too ... One needs to know," he said, and his father-in-law nodded approvingly and the typewriter appeared in Luzhin's study. It was proposed to him that one of the office employees come and explain how to use it, but he refused, replying that he would learn on his own. And so it was: he fairly quickly made out its construction, learned to put in the ribbon and roll in the sheet of paper, and made friends with all the little levers. It proved to be more difficult to remember the distribution of the letters, the typing went very slowly; there was none of Tot-tot's rapid chatter and for some reason--from the very first day--the exclamation mark dogged him--it leapt out in the most unexpected places. At first he copied out half a column from a German newspaper, and then composed a thing or two himself. A brief little note took shape with the following contents: "You are wanted on a charge of murder. Today is November 27th. Murder and arson. Good day, dear Madam. Now when you are needed, dear, exclamation mark, where are you? The body has been found. Dear Madam! Today the police will come!!" Luzhin read this over several times, reinserted the sheet and, groping for the right letters, typed out, somewhat jumpily, the signature: "Abbe Busoni." At this point he grew bored, the thing was going too slowly. And somehow he had to find a use for the letter he had written. Burrowing in the telephone directory he found a Frau Louisa Altman, wrote out the address by hand and sent her his composition. (Chapter 12)
In The Count of Monte Cristo Abbé Busoni is one of Edmond Dantès's aliases. The characters in Dumas's novel include M. Beauchamp, the well-known journalist and Chief Editor of l’Impartial, and friend of Albert de Morcerf. Describing the discovery of a secret passage that leads from the Palace to the Royal Theater, Kinbote mentions a game of chess played by Monsieur Beauchamp (the Prince’s French governor) and Mr. Campbell (the Prince’s Scottish tutor) and the wary, silent, green-carpeted steps of an escalier dérobé:
As soon as Monsieur Beauchamp had sat down for a game of chess at the bedside of Mr. Campbell and had offered his raised fists to choose from, the young Prince took Oleg to the magical closet. The wary, silent, green-carpeted steps of an escalier dérobé led to a stone-paved underground passage. Strictly speaking it was "underground" only in brief spells when, after burrowing under the southwest vestibule next to the lumber room, it went under a series of terraces, under the avenue of birches in the royal park, and then under the three transverse streets, Academy Boulevard, Coriolanus Lane and Timon Alley, that still separated it from its final destination. Otherwise, in its angular and cryptic course it adapted itself to the various structures which it followed, here availing itself of a bulwark to fit in its side like a pencil in the pencil hold of a pocket diary, there running through the cellars of a great mansion too rich in dark passageways to notice the stealthy intrusion. Possibly, in the intervening years, certain arcane connections had been established between the abandoned passage and the outer world by the random repercussions of work in surrounding layers of masonry or by the blind pokings of time itself; for here and there magic apertures and penetrations, so narrow and deep as to drive one insane, could be deduced from a pool of sweet, foul ditch water, bespeaking a moat, or from a dusky odor of earth and turf, marking the proximity of a glacis slope overhead; and at one point, where the passage crept through the basement of a huge ducal villa, with hothouses famous for their collections of desert flora, a light spread of sand momentarily changed the sound of one's tread. Oleg walked in front: his shapely buttocks encased in tight indigo cotton moved alertly, and his own erect radiance, rather than his flambeau, seemed to illume with leaps of light the low ceiling and crowding wails. Behind him the young Prince's electric torch played on the ground and gave a coating of flour to the back of Oleg's bare thighs. The air was musty and cold. On and on went the fantastic burrow. It developed a slight ascending grade. The pedometer had tocked off 1,888 yards, when at last they reached the end. The magic key of the lumber room closet slipped with gratifying ease into the keyhole of a green door confronting them, and would have accomplished the act promised by its smooth entrance, had not a burst of strange sounds coming from behind the door caused our explorers to pause. Two terrible voices, a man's and a woman's, now rising to a passionate pitch, now sinking to raucous undertones, were exchanging insults in Gutnish as spoken by the fisherfolk of Western Zembla. An abominable threat made the woman shriek out in fright. Sudden silence ensued, presently broken by the man's murmuring some brief phrase of casual approval ("Perfect, my dear," or "Couldn't be better") that was more eerie than anything that had come before.
Without consulting each other, the young Prince and his friend veered in absurd panic and, with the pedometer beating wildly, raced back the way they had come. "Ouf!" said Oleg once the last shelf had been replaced. "You're all chalky behind," said the young Prince as they swung upstairs. They found Beauchamp and Campbell ending their game in a draw. It was near dinner time. The two lads were told to wash their hands. The recent thrill of adventure had been superseded already by another sort of excitement. They locked themselves up. The tap ran unheeded. Both were in a manly state and moaning like doves. (note to Line 130)
In "The Count of Monte Cristo" les fenêtres de l’escalier dérobé (the windows of the secret staircase) are mentioned:
Comme le dernier son vibrait encore lugubre et retentissant, j’aperçus une lueur illuminant les fenêtres de l’escalier dérobé par lequel nous sommes descendus tout à l’heure. (vol. 3)
In Dumas' novel Vingt ans après ("Twenty Years After," 1846), in which the musketeers attempt to save from the scaffold and set free the King Charles I (Stuart), d'Artagnan mentions l’escalier dérobé:
— Monsieur Laporte, dit d’Artagnan, achevez d’habiller Sa Majesté.
— Nous pouvons partir alors ? demanda la reine.
— Quand Votre Majesté voudra ; elle n’a qu’à descendre par l’escalier dérobé, elle me trouvera à la porte.
— Allez, monsieur, dit la reine, je vous suis.
D’Artagnan descendit ; le carrosse était à son poste, le mousquetaire se tenait sur le siége.
1,888 yards between the palace and the theater seem to correspond to 1888, the year of Iris Acht’s death (and of Graal Arelski's birth). Acht means in German "eight." In his poem Na smert' Gumilyova ("On the Death of Gumilyov," 1921) Graal Arelski points out that André Chénier (a French poet whose heart, according to Graal Arelski, began to beat in Gumilyov) was guillotined on the Eighth of Thermidor and mentions eight roses that suddenly burst into blossom on Gumilyov's white short at the momemt of the poet's execution:
Нет, ничем, ничем не смыть позора,
Даже счастьем будущих веков!
Был убит Шенье 8-го термидора,
23-го августа — Гумилёв.
И хотя меж ними стало столетье
Высокой стеною звонких дней,
Но вспыхнули дни — и в русском поэте
Затрепетало сердце Шенье.
Встретил смерть и он улыбкой смелой,
Как награду от родной земли.
Грянул залп — и на рубашке белой
Восемь роз нежданно расцвели.
И, взглянув на небосклон туманный,
Он упал, чуть слышно простонав,
И сбылись его стихи, — и раны
Обагрили зелень пыльных трав.
Все проходит — дни, года и люди —
Точно ветром уносимый дым.
Только мы, поэты, не забудем,
Только мы, поэты, не простим.
A line in the poem's last stanza, Tochno vetrom unosimyi dym (Like a smoke carried away by the wind), brings to mind dymnyi iris (the smoky iris), as in several poems of his "Italian Verses" (1909) Alexander Blok calls Florence:
Флоренция, ты ирис нежный;
По ком томился я один
Любовью длинной, безнадежной,
Весь день в пыли твоих Кашин?
О, сладко вспомнить безнадежность:
Мечтать и жить в твоей глуши;
Уйти в твой древний зной и в нежность
Своей стареющей души…
Но суждено нам разлучиться,
И через дальние края
Твой дымный ирис будет сниться,
Как юность ранняя моя.
Страстью длинной, безмятежной
Занялась душа моя,
Ирис дымный, ирис нежный,
Благовония струя,
Переплыть велит все реки
На воздушных парусах,
Утонуть велит навеки
В тех вечерних небесах,
И когда предамся зною,
Голубой вечерний зной
В голубое голубою
Унесёт меня волной...
On March 28, 1922 (the day of VDN's assassination), VN was reading one of these poems to his mother, when the telephone rang and the caller informed him of the tragedy in a Berlin lecture hall. The epithet dymnyi (smoky) comes from dym (smoke). Dym (1866) is a novel by Turgenev. King Thurgus the Third, surnamed the Turgid, hints at Turgenev. In his essay on Turgenev (in “The Silhouettes of Russian Writers”) Yuli Ayhenvald calls Turgenev “a specialist of rendez-vous:”
У Тургенева все влюблены как-то тенденциозно. И он - специалист rendez-vous. И даже мало ему реальных свиданий, так что нужны ещё и всякие "Сны", и "Песни торжествующей любви", где показал он страсть бессознательную, на расстоянии, телепатию чувства. У него любовь литературна и, так сказать, с цитатами.