According to Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla), Gradus (Shade’s murderer) contended that the real origin of his name should be sought in the Russian word for grape, vinograd, to which a Latin suffix had adhered, making it Vinogradus:
By an extraordinary coincidence (inherent perhaps in the contrapuntal nature of Shade's art) our poet seems to name here (gradual, gray) a man, whom he was to see for one fatal moment three weeks later, but of whose existence at the time (July 2) he could not have known. Jakob Gradus called himself variously Jack Degree or Jacques de Grey, or James de Gray, and also appears in police records as Ravus, Ravenstone, and d'Argus. Having a morbid affection for the ruddy Russia of the Soviet era, he contended that the real origin of his name should be sought in the Russian word for grape, vinograd, to which a Latin suffix had adhered, making it Vinogradus. His father, Martin Gradus, had been a Protestant minister in Riga, but except for him and a maternal uncle (Roman Tselovalnikov, police officer and part-time member of the Social-Revolutionary party), the whole clan seems to have been in the liquor business. Martin Gradus died in 1920, and his widow moved to Strasbourg where she soon died, too. Another Gradus, an Alsatian merchant, who oddly enough was totally unrelated to our killer but had been a close business friend of his kinsmen for years, adopted the boy and raised him with his own children. It would seem that at one time young Gradus studied pharmacology in Zurich, and at another, traveled to misty vineyards as an itinerant wine taster. We find him next engaging in petty subversive activities - printing peevish pamphlets, acting as messenger for obscure syndicalist groups, organizing strikes at glass factories, and that sort of thing. Sometime in the forties he came to Zembla as a brandy salesman. There he married a publican's daughter. His connection with the Extremist party dates from its first ugly writhings, and when the revolution broke out, his modest organizational gifts found some appreciation in various offices. His departure for Western Europe, with a sordid purpose in his heart and a loaded gun in his pocket, took place on the very day that an innocent poet in an innocent land was beginning Canto Two of Pale Fire. We shall accompany Gradus in constant thought, as he makes his way from distant dim Zembla to green Appalachia, through the entire length of the poem, following the road of its rhythm, riding past in a rhyme, skidding around the corner of a run-on, breathing with the caesura, swinging down to the foot of the page from line to line as from branch to branch, hiding between two words (see note to line 596), reappearing on the horizon of a new canto, steadily marching nearer in iambic motion, crossing streets, moving up with his valise on the escalator of the pentameter, stepping off, boarding a new train of thought, entering the hall of a hotel, putting out the bedlight, while Shade blots out a word, and falling asleep as the poet lays down his pen for the night. (note to Line 17)
In his essay Klyuchi tayn (“The Clues of Mysteries,” 1904) Bryusov quotes (not quite correctly) Grillparzer’s words “art compares to nature like wine to the grape:”
Искусство никогда, кроме редких анекдотических случаев, не обманывает народ, как Зевксисовы плоды глупых птиц. Никто не принимает картину за вид в открытое окно, никто не раскланивается с бюстом своего знакомого, и ни один автор не был приговорен к тюрьме за вымышленное в рассказе преступление. Мало того, тем именно произведениям, которые с особым сходством воспроизводят действительность, мы отказываем в названии художественных. Мы не признаем искусством ни панорам, ни восковых статуй. Да и что было бы достигнуто, если б искусству удалось в совершенстве передразнить природу? К чему могло бы пригодиться удвоение действительности? "Преимущество нарисованного дерева перед настоящим, говорит Авг. Шлегель, только в том, что на нем не может быть гусениц". Никогда ботаники не станут изучать растение по рисункам. Никогда самая искусная марина не заменит путешественнику вида на океан, уже по одному тому, что в лицо ему не будет веять соленый запах и не будет слышно ударов волн о береговые камни. Предоставим воспроизведение действительности фотографии, фонографу, - изобретательности техников. "Искусство относится к действительности, как вино к винограду", сказал Грильпарцер. (I)
According to Bryusov, except rare anecdotic cases, art never deceives people, as Zeuxis' grapes cheat silly birds. At the beginning (and, presumably, at the end) of his poem Shade compares himself to a waxwing that was cheated by the sky reflected in the windowpane:
I was the shadow of the waxwing slain
By the false azure in the windowpane;
I was the smudge of ashen fluff - and I
Lived on, flew on, in the reflected sky. (ll. 1-4)
Gradus is a member of the Shadows (a regicidal organization). Bryusov is the author of Zerkalo teney (“The Mirror of the Shadows,” 1912), a collection of poetry. In his Commentary and Index to Shade’s poem Kinbote mentions Sudarg of Bokay (Jakob Gradus in reverse), a mirror maker of genius. In his memoir essay Bryusov (1924) Hodasevich speaks of Bryusov's collaboration with the Bolsheviks and mentions gradusy (degrees):
Брюсову представлялось возможным прямое влияние на литературные дела; он мечтал, что большевики откроют ему долгожданную возможность «направлять» литературу твёрдыми административными мерами. Если бы это удалось, он мог бы командовать писателями, без интриг, без вынужденных союзов с ними, — единым окриком. А сколько заседаний, уставов, постановлений! А какая надежда на то, что в истории литературы будет сказано: «в таком-то году повернул русскую литературу на столько-то градусов».
And what hope that in the history of literature it will be said: “in the year of grace so-and-so he [Bryusov] has turned Russian literature to so-and-so many degrees.”
The “real” name of Hazel Shade (the poet’s daughter) seems to be Nadezhda (Hope) Botkin. After her tragic death her father, Professor Vsevolod Botkin went mad and became Shade, Kinbote and Gradus. There is a hope that, when Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide (on Oct. 19, 1959, the anniversary of Pushkin’s Lyceum), Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin’s epigrams, “half-milord, half-merchant, etc.”), will be full again.
According to Kinbote, Hazel Shade drowned in Lake Omega. In a poem addressed to Bryusov Sergey Solovyov says that in the book of Russian verse Pushkin is alpha and Bryusov, omega:
Прах, вспоённый влагой снега,
Режет гения соха.
Звука Пушкинского нега!
Пушкин – альфа, ты – омега
В книге русского стиха.
Shade’s poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade’s poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). Dvoynik (the double) is the last word in Bryusov’s poem Stokgol’m (“Stockholm,” 1906):
Словно над глубями зеркала
Ты из гранита возник,
В зыби стремительной Мэлара
Свой разбивая двойник.
Сын вечно женственной родины,
Весь ты в любимую мать!
Трудно ль в осанке усвоенной
Нежность души угадать!
Ты, как сосна Далекарлии, —
Строен, задумчив и прям.
Годы тебя не состарили,
Снегом скользнув по кудрям.
Витязь пленительный Севера,
Ты головой не поник!
Весело в зеркале Мэлара
Твой ускользает двойник.
A few moments before Shade's death Kinbote invites the poet to a glass of Tokay at his place:
"A suggestion," I said, quivering. "I have at my place half a gallon of Tokay. I'm ready to share my favorite wine with my favorite poet. We shall have for dinner a knackle of walnuts, a couple of large tomatoes, and a bunch of bananas. And if you agree to show me your 'finished product,' there will be another treat: I promise to divulge to you why I gave you, or rather who gave you, your theme."
"What theme?" said Shade absently, as he leaned on my arm and gradually recovered the use of his numb limb.
"Our blue inenubilable Zembla, and the red-caped Steinmann, and the motorboat in the sea cave, and -"
"Ah," said Shade, "I think I guessed your secret quite some time ago. But all the same I shall sample your wine with pleasure. Okay, I can manage by myself now." (note to Line 991)
In his epistle "To Valeriy Bryusov" (1918) Severyanin mentions Tokay, vengerskoe vino (Tokay, the Hungarian wine):
Я пил с армянским мильонером
Токай, венгерское вино.
В дыму сигар лилово-сером
Сойтись нам было суждено.
The penname of Igor Lotaryov, Severyanin means "northerner." Kinbote's Zembla is a distant northern land.