A friend sent me the following correction (off-list): " you are clearly confusing similes (which
contain “as if”, “like” or “as”) with “personifications” or instances of
pathetic fallacy. And this act is self-defeating: taking a simile and wondering
why he didn’t make it a personification?In VN's oeuvre there are hundreds of
instances of pure personifications."
He is right, of course - and I also expressed myself badly.
I meant that VN seemed to avoid personifications, preferring animation and
anthopormorphization in their stead. I wondered if he relied on
similes (some of them are only implicit in his imaging) to obtain a more
distanced relation to his writing. In SO he expresses his disgust with
allegories and, perhaps, personalizations came too close to them. What
to make out of "Jacob Gradus"? He is certainly not an
allegory.*
In "Strong Opinions" we read that "
Satire is a lesson,
parody is a game.” and we find Nabokov's advice "
to a
budding literary critic would be as follows. Learn to distinguish banality.
Remember that mediocrity thrives on "ideas." Beware of the modish message. Ask
yourself if the symbol you have detected is not your own
footprint. Ignore
allegories. By all means place the "how" above the "what" but do not let it be
confused with the "so what." Rely on the sudden erection of your small dorsal
hairs. Do not drag in Freud at this point. All the rest depends on personal
talent.” ).However, independently of Nabokov's clear
positioning in relation to allegories, we find that several os his books are
seen as "allegories" (I remember he dismissed various such interpretations
concerning Lolita, as Alfred Appel Jr. also observes in The Annotated
Lolita.). Search tools led me to data about. "Invitation to a
beheading" analysed as political allegory.(Robert Alter in"Invitation
to a Beheading: Nabokov and the Art of Politics") and to "RLSK" (Jacob
Emery: Figures Taken for Signs: Symbol, Allegory,Mise en abyme).An available
page online opened me to Naiman's views [ excerpts from .
Vladimir Nabokov: A
Literary Life - Página 29 - Resultado da pesquisa de
livros do Google books.google.com.br/books?isbn=0230247237 -
Traduzir
esta página David
Rampton - 2012 - Biography
& Autobiography]
"Eric Naiman read Zashchita Luzhina as the quintessential
self-reflective novel...Naiman notes that all the emigrés are two-dimensional in
the novel, with the exception of Luzhin, who is trying to become
three-dimensional. Taken together, he argues, these features of the novel invite
readers to turn the text into an allegory, although "Fundamental to allegory
is the extent to which vistually all events in a text are reducible to an
abstract idea or set of ideas relentlessly pursued', Naiman concludes that
in a sense the whole realm of naive aesthetic pleasure is under threat, insofar
as the reader can only explain the novel's opaque moments by turning mysterious
symbols into sustained and decipherable allegories. The risk of reading Nabokov
too easily must be avoided...
This is a compelling reading: allegory is as
omnivorous in its desire to account for everything as this account suggests.
Faced with the contention that Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" is an allegorical
journey that Marlow takes into his own mind, there is always part of us that
cannot help wondering about the hippopotamus he encounters while going upriver
into the darkest Africa. What role does it play in the allegory, for example?
"Zashchita Luzhina" is different because Nabokov is trickier than Conrad, more
adventurous in the sorts of realities he chooses to represent. Besides, in
Nabokov's novel the backdrop is propitious for such an allegory. The squares of
a chess board and the class between the individual and a stratified society lend
themselves to allegory as easily as dark continents and sinuous rivers. If
we object that all those carefully delineated émigrés with the trappings of
their apartments and their inane conversations are as hard to allegorize as the
hippo, there is a mountain of evidence to show Nabokov planting clues, even at
the level of the morpheme, to support precisely such a radical reading.
Yet it can also help to look at this conflict between surface and depth from a
slightly different angle, focusing at various points on modes of
characterization and Nabokov's reliance on the contemplation of things as
aesthetic objects, with a view to elucidating the workings of this novel.
[ quotes Luzhin 317-8/29] This is the ekphrastic theme again, the
idea of recognizing wordless representations of the world and the patterns they
make."
Search tools also led me to a curious discussion on line**
surprisingly related to an animated "Nabokov's sock"
A: "Vladimir Nabokov wrote about a common cotton sock. It slides on to
a foot, and it walks around all day. Later it falls on to a carpet, and it flies
into a laundry hamper. It flits around from place to place, ending up in a
dresser drawer, where it will await it's next use. All you have to do is spin
time a little faster, and a sock is as animated as any living
thing."
B: "Lol. What acts on the sock? Does it have organized
electro-chemical reaction and neuromuscular junctions? I don't think this is
even close to the same. Normally inanimate things are acted upon by things that
act. That does not make inanimate become life.."
C: "As for Nabokov's sock,
that is an allegory. Of course the sock is manipulated by a human, but the
author has asked us to consider the sock on its own. It is an exercise of the
imagination. Reality can look very different when you do that."
D: "I like
the Nabokov allegory. And I think it's a good analogy to the body. What animates
(literally, "ensouls") and manipulates it? Again, an exercise of the
Imagination." ..
I believe that the animations, anthropomorphisms and personifications
which I've been selecting from VN's novels are seen poetically
and in isolation. It seems to me that most of them they are unrelated to
"symbolism" or "allegories," simple products of my "naive aesthetic
pleasure" (probably my snippets fit into what Eric Naiman
observes, in relation to setting the focus on Nabokov's novels under
the lens of allegory, when he warns that the ":whole realm of naive
aesthetic pleasure is under threat, insofar as the reader can only explain the
novel's opaque moments by turning mysterious symbols into sustained and
decipherable allegories.") Personally, I'm also curious about the
fascinating shifts of perspective related to mind-body-words that
partly reveal the workings of VN's imagination, even how he
transformed some nightmares of his own.
I thank my friend for sharing his views with me and helping me along.
Jansy
............................................................................................................
* - Cf also:
Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms: "allegory,
a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind
its literal or visible meaning. The principal technique of allegory is
personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape-as in public
statues of Liberty or Justice. An allegory may be
conceived as a metaphor
that is extended into a structured system. In written narrative, allegory
involves a continuous parallel between two (or more) levels of meaning in a
story, so that its persons and events correspond to their equivalents in a
system of ideas or a chain of events external to the tale: each character and
episode in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678), for example, embodies an
idea within a pre-existing Puritan doctrine of salvation. Allegorical thinking
permeated the Christian literature of the Middle Ages, flourishing in the
morality plays and in the dream visions of Dante and Langland. Some later
allegorists
like Dryden and Orwell used allegory as a method of satire;
their hidden meanings are political rather than religious. In the medieval
discipline of biblical exegesis, allegory became an important method of
interpretation, a habit of seeking correspondences between different realms of
meaning (e.g. physical and spiritual) or between the Old Testament and the New
(see typology). It can be argued that modern critical interpretation continues
this allegorizing tradition. See also anagogical, emblem, exemplum, fable,
parable, psychomachy, symbol. For a fuller account, consult Angus Fletcher,
Allegory (1964).
Read more:
http://www.answers.com/topic/allegory#ixzz2Rpw53EyiBritannica
Concise Encyclopedia:"Work of written, oral, or visual expression that uses
symbolic figures, objects, and actions to convey truths or generalizations about
human conduct or experience. It encompasses such forms as the fable and parable.
Characters often personify abstract concepts or types, and the action of the
narrative usually stands for something not explicitly stated. Symbolic
allegories, in which characters may also have an identity apart from the message
they convey, have frequently been used to represent political and historical
situations and have long been popular as vehicles for satire. Edmund Spenser's
long poem The Faerie Queen is a famous example of a symbolic allegory.For more
information on allegory, visit
Britannica.com.
** - Recovery from Mormonism: exmormon.org/phorum/read.php.