From a beautifully illustrated edition of "How Much Land Does a
Man Need?" by Leo Tolstoy ("Много ли человеку земли нужно?","Mnogo li
cheloveku zemli nuzhno"), written in 1886, I selected a few paragraphs about a
variously disguised Devil, intent on shaping a peasant's boast into a
boundless ambition. Unlike the celestial competition for a man's soul in
the book of Job or in Dr.Faustus, this particular devil seemed to pertain to a
dreamlike or hallucinatory realm and to behave like Vladimir
Nabokov's "Frau Monde." Even their generous gifts were limited in a similar
way: the quantity of land, or girls, would have had to be
assembled between the early hours of sun-rise and its
final setting. Frau Monde, mathematically, determined a second
condition: the total of Erwin's conquests should not result in an even
number.
excerpts:
"...the Devil
had been sitting behind the oven...He was pleased that the peasant's wife had
led her husband [Pahom] into boasting, and that he had said that if he had
plenty of land he would not fear the Devil himself. 'All right,' thought the
Devil. 'We will have a tussle. I'll give you land enough; and by means of that
land I will get you into my power.'
After several successful deals, Pahom is invited to
invest all he has in a particularly attractive acquisiton with the
Bashkir. The night before he put himself to the test, he lay sleepless in
his cabin and "dozed off only just before dawn.
Hardly were his eyes closed when he had a dream. He
thought he was lying in that same tent, and heard somebody chuckling outside. He
wondered who it could be, and rose and went out, and he saw the Bashkir Chief
sitting in front of the tent holding his side and rolling about with laughter
[ ] But he saw that it was no longer the Chief, but the dealer who
had ...told him about the land.[ and next ] he saw that it was not the dealer,
but the peasant who had come up from the Volga, long ago, to Pahom's old home.
Then he saw that it was not the peasant either, but the Devil himself with hoofs
and horns, sitting there and chuckling, and before him lay a man barefoot,
prostrate on the ground [ ]And Pahom dreamt that he looked more
attentively...and he saw that the man was dead, and that it was himself! He
awoke horror-struck."What things one does dream," thought
he."
Even so he started early the next day to demarcate his
new property, exerting himself as far as he could and. just "as he
reached the hillock it suddenly grew dark. He looked up--the sun had already
set...He took a long breath and ran up the hillock...Pahom remembered his dream,
and he uttered a cry,:his legs gave way beneath him, he fell forward and reached
the cap with his hands....Pahom's servant came running up and tried to raise
him, but he saw that...Pahom was dead! His servant picked up the spade and dug a
grave long enough for Pahom to lie in, and buried him in it. Six feet from his
head to his heels was all he needed."
Vladimir Nabokov'
wrote "A Nursery Tale" (Skazka) forty years after Tolstoy's, a
short-story that he considers a "rather artificial
affair, composed a little hastily, with more concern for the tricky plot than
for imagery and good taste," which "required
some revamping here and there in the English version. Young Erwin's harem,
however, has remained intact. I had not reread my "Skazka" since 1930 and, when
working now at its translation, was eerily startled to meet a somewhat decrepit
but unmistakable Humbert escorting his nymphet in the story I wrote almost half
a century ago."
Nabokov doesn't explain the reason for his original
haste, one that led him to overvalue the plot, in detriment to what he'd
once described as the "enchanter's talent" (he may have entrusted this part to
Frau Monde). The title he chose is intriguing: why is it a "nursery tale"?
( I ignore what "Skazka" means).
excerpts: (they include a
trite lamplight's aura and the prediction about a gentleman who'll be hit by a
tram, two themes that were recently discussed at the
VN-L)
"Frau Monde...'I am offering you something. I am offering
you a harem. And if you are still skeptical of my power— See that old gentleman
in tortoiseshell glasses crossing the street? Let's have him hit by a tram.'
Erwin, blinking, turned streetward. As the old man reached the tracks ... a tram
flashed, screeched, and rolled past...The old gentleman, his glasses and
handkerchief gone, was sitting on the asphalt, Someone helped him up... / 'I
said 'hit by a tram,' not 'run over,' which I might also have said,' remarked
Frau Monde coolly...[ ] 'I liked you immediately. That shyness,
that bold imagination. You reminded me of an innocent...young monk whom I knew
in Tuscany...Next Monday I plan to be born elsewhere..[ ] I intend, before
going, to have a bit of innocent fun....Tomorrow, from noon to midnight you can
select by your usual method' ...all the girls you fancy. Before my departure, I
shall have them gathered and placed at your complete disposal. You will keep
them until you have enjoyed them all..../One condition, nevertheless, must be
set...Your soul I do not require. Now this is the condition: the total of your
choices between noon and midnight must be an odd number. This is essential and
final. Otherwise I can do nothing for you.'
Erwin stopped to rest some time
after he began to build up his harem and then he "started
thinking back: Number one, the Maiden in White, she's the most artless of the
lot. I may have been a little hasty. Oh, well, no harm done. Then the
Twins...Gay, painted young things...Then number four, Leilla the Rose,
resembling a boy. That's, perhaps, the best one. And finally, the Fox in the
ale-house. Not bad either. But only five. That's not very many! He lay
prone for a while with his hands behind his head...Five. No, that's absurd...And
I can always throw in a streetwalker at the last moment...Erwin put on his
regular pair of shoes, brushed his hair, and hurried out.// He saw before
him a tall elderly man in evening clothes with a little girl walking beside...
He was a famous poet, a senile swan.. Erwin's glance lit on the face of the
child mincing at the old poet's side; there was something odd about that face,
odd was the flitting glance of her much too shiny eyes, as if she were not just
a little girl... "Hey, careful," he suddenly muttered as it dawned upon him that
this made twelve—an even number: I must find one more—within half an
hour...
Pressed for time, Erwin felt a
slight twinge of anxiety, but ..."a few minutes later he experienced
the familiar delicious contraction—that chill in the solar plexus. A woman in
front of him was walking along with rapid and light steps...Something beyond
visible outlines, some kind of special atmosphere, an ethereal excitement, lured
Erwin on and on...her black shadow would sweep up, as it entered a streetlamp's
aura, glide across a wall, twist around its edge, and
vanish.
A mystery is brewing. There's the
material "aura" of the streetlamp and something else, an almost
invisible, ethereal attraction (Baudelaire/Benjamin's auratic
perception?):
"Goodness, I've got to see her face...And time is
flying."... Again he was walking ten paces behind her and by then he knew,
without seeing her face, that she was his main prize.../ What enticed him? Not
her gait, not her shape, but something else, bewitching and overwhelming, as if
a tense shimmer surrounded her: mere fantasy, maybe, the flutter, the rapture of
fantasy, or maybe it was that which changes a man's entire life with one divine
stroke... Once again Erwin came near...She turned her face toward him, and by
the light a streetlamp...he recognized the girl who had been playing that
morning with a woolly black pup on a graveled path, and immediately remembered,
immediately understood all her charm, tender warmth, priceless radiance....//
"Yes, I know," calmly rejoined Frau Monde. "Number thirteen turned out to be
number one. You bungled the job rather badly."
Like Pahom, who wanted more than he could handle, also Erwin
lost his shimmering first choice, the artless Maiden in
White, because, at that time, he was unable to discern her priceless
radiance. He couldn't discipline himself to stop groping for more and more.
In a way his various choices (the artless lady, the fourteen year-old girl
mincing by an old Humbertian poet, the boyish one, the rusty servant
with unshaven armpits...) represented distinct parts of a
single ideal model.
In Tolstoy's story, the
character's dream, "realistically" reveals the unreality of his
material life which Pahom took for granted. In Nabokov's story there's
no clear separation between dream-states, hallucinations and "reality." To
discover himself in his dream, Pahom had to dream inside of his
dream. Unlike
Pahom's tragic end, playful Frau Monde didn't exact any price from
Erwin - except the changeless monotony of his destiny. Tolstoy's story
might have contained a kind of moral teaching directed to ambitious proprietors
of land but this is a very concrete, unispired, message. The devil, on the
contrary, seemed to me as one who favored adaptation to the
status-quo. Nabokov's story would have no moral in tow, of course, but it
deals directly with the world of phantasy and experience from which there's
always something a reader can extract...
Thoughts?