Right at the time of the N-L postings on Nabokov's
"Box" with a survey of dackelhood, I got my hands onto Alexander
McCall Smith's "The Finer Points of Sausage Dogs" (2003) because I was curious
about Professor Dr. von Igelfeld's philological expertise in
Portuguese matters. Right at start I was reminded of Prof. Pnin's
mishaps, worrying over the whereabouts of the envelope with his
lectures, without realizing that he'd lost his bearings after catching the wrong
train.Prof. Dr. von Igelfeld's quandaries were of a different order: his name
was mixed up with Dr. Igelfold's. He travelled all the way from Germany
to Arkansas and, instead of delivering a lecture on modal verbs
in the writings of Fernando Pessoa, he was expected to speak as a world
authority on the sausage dog. Some shift.
Now Pnin was a foreigner unlike Prof. V. Botkin, who was an
American scholar inspite of behaving like one..For the first time I
realized a specificity that must be glaringly obvious to any American
reader: both novels deal with the academic
universe.
Another novelist whose satirical vein I'd always enjoyed was David
Lodge and, remembering that he'd once been invited to the Third
International Conference on Nabokov, I looked for his lecture in the
internet. It's availabe as "Nabokov and the Campus
Novel", Cycnos, Volume 24 n°1. Online since 2008,
Nabokov and the Campus
Novel - Cycnos
revel.unice.fr/cycnos/index.html?id=1081I
was struck by one of D.Lodge's comments, related to what later became the title
of one of his novels ("A Small World"), after he describes the use of the term
to "designate a work of fiction whose action takes place mainly in a college or
university, and which is mainly concerned with the lives of university
professors and junior teachers..In the campus novel students are usually objects
perceived by the academic staff, rather than subjects from whose point of view
the story is told...the campus novel"[...] David Lodge explains
that "the novelist must first create or imagine a world which has some kind
of logical relation to the real world, within which he can explore the themes
that interest him through narrative. The university or college provides such a
world ready-made, so to speak, a “small world” which is a kind of microcosm of
the larger world, with its own distinctive customs, seasons, rituals, and
foibles, where the factors that motivate human behaviou–power, ambition,
rivalry, lust, anxiety–can be displayed and anatomised. The fact that
universities are institutions dedicated to the disinterested pursuit of truth
and the preservation of high culture, but staffed by human beings with ordinary
human weaknesses and often more than ordinary eccentricities, no doubt explains
why the campus novel is a predominantly comic or satiric genre."* Not having
experienced life in an American or an English campus I find it strange to
envisage it as a "small world... a microcosm of the larger world" and, in my
opinion, Vladimir Nabokov's two quasi "academic novels" speak against this sort
of "universality" and
Weltanschauung. His Arcady is provincial and
not cosmopolitan nor rural. It's often dominated by a sort of
"Parthenocissus Hall" or ivory towers with spiral staircases that do'nt
open into infinity. .
................................................................................................................
*- Abstract: Vladmir Nabokov's Pnin, (1955) is, in one of its many
aspects, a very early example of the “campus novel”, written and published
before that subgenre of modern literary fiction was identified and named. In
Pale Fire (1962) Nabokov returned to the university campus for the
principal location of his story. I will try to identify the specific nature of
Nabokov's contribution to the evolution of the campus novel and his possible
influence on other practitioners of this kind of fiction.
According to the
author, "the first English campus novel of real significance, Kingsley
Amis’s Lucky Jim, published in 1954, cannot properly be so called since
the word was not then current in British English." For him C.P.Snow’s The
Masters, "is not sufficiently typical" because its "overall tone
is tragic, or elegiac, whereas the campus novel is typically comic or
satirical." An influencial novel about the academic world is Mary McCarthy’s
The Groves of Academe,published in 1952,."quickly followed by Randall
Jarrell’s Pictures from an Institution in 1954 and by Vladimir
Nabokov’s Pnin in 1955." D. Lodge explains why novels about
universities suddenly started to appear in both countries at about the same time
considering that the period after the Second World War saw great expansion in
university education both in America and in England and ".university teaching,
with its generally agreeable conditions, flexible hours, and long vacations,
became a favoured second occupation for writers...These novels, it is worth
noting, are invariably concerned with teachers in the Arts or Humanities,
because that is where most university-based novelists work. [...] Vladimir
Nabokov was a European writer who became a university teacher in America in
order to escape Europe, and became in consequence a kind of American writer. His
life story up to that point was a dramatic one" He explains that soon
"after his arrival in the USA, Nabokov met Edmund Wilson...[who] immediately
recognized Nabokov’s intellectual brilliance and literary gifts.At this time
Wilson was married to Mary McCarthy...The Wilsons and the Nabokovs became
friends.[...] . [and] in February 1952. Nabokov read Mary
McCarthy's The Groves of Academe and wrote to E.Wilson:
“I have read Mary’s book. It is very amusing and quite brilliant in parts.”.
D.Lodge believe shtat this novel "may have planted in his mind, if
only unconsciously, the thought of making similar fictional use of his own
academic experience." Randall Jarrell book Pictures from an
Institution was published in 1954 and he and Nabokov met in
the 1940s D. Lodge notes that even "in its final form, Pictures
from an Institution resembles a series of episodes and character sketches
rather than a novel...and invites admiration mainly for its witty, mannered,
rhetorically complex style. The same was said–with less justification–of
Vladimir Nabokov’s Pnin when it was published a year later. And like
Pnin, Pictures from an Institution has an “I” narrator who appears to
belong to the same fictional world as the rest of the characters, but
paradoxically has omniscient access to their private thoughts and deeds... More
striking, and in a way more interesting, are the resemblances between these
three novels about academia, all conceived quite independently and written at
overlapping periods of time. All three give priority to analysis and description
over action, and seek to hold the reader’s attention by stylistic virtuosity.
All three tease the knowing reader with coded references to real institutions
and more or less thinly disguised portraits of real people. All three are packed
with literary allusions. All three are predominantly comic and satirical in
their stance towards the world they evoke. Between them they provided the
template for campus novels in the future.".
"It must be admitted that if we
do decide to categorize Pnin as a novel, it is not a campus novel
in the straightforward sense exemplified by The Groves of Academe; but
it does, as it were, contain a campus novel within it, alongside another kind of
novel, the novel of expatriation and exile...Pnin is subject to sudden visions,
sometimes triggered by a “seizure” of the heart, in which he poignantly recalls
episodes from his Russian past....In a later chapter we learn that this
sweetheart was a Jew and perished in a Nazi extermination camp. This is
emotionally heavier material than is usually admitted into the campus novel. Yet
the prevailing tone is comic. Originally Nabokov had intended that at the end of
the book Pnin would die, with the magnum opus he had been
writing all his life unfinished, but later decided on a less bleak conclusion.
..Nabokov’s deceptively suave prose is a velvet glove stretched over steely
sarcasm." David Lodge believes that Nabokov had "some things in common with his
fictional character. Nabokov’s lecturing style, for instance–reading from a
carefully written text and making little or no eye contact with his audience–was
similar to Pnin’s. Nabokov too was capable of absent-mindedness, and on one
famous occasion began lecturing obliviously to the wrong class until rescued by
a student who had seen him entering the wrong lecture-room. (He dealt with the
mistake more suavely than Pnin would have managed, however, saying to the
students as he left the room: “You have just seen the ‘Coming Attraction’ for
Literature 325. If you are interested you may register next fall.”) Pnin also
shares, in a milder form, several of his creator’s intellectual prejudices –
against Freud and psychotherapy, for instance. But what links Nabokov to Pnin
most strongly is that they are both exiles with painfully nostalgic memories of
pre-revolutionary Russia." In Pale Fire we find
John Shade, "a scholar as well as a poet and teaches at Wordsmith
College, another of those fictional campuses in bucolic settings in a
north-eastern American state. Kinbote is an émigré scholar from a country in
north-east Europe which he calls Zembla... the novel is a tour de force of
unreliable narration. On one level Pale Fire is a hilarious satire on eccentric
scholarship and perverse interpretation–academic discourse turned imaginatively
upon academia as a narrative device. There is a sense therefore in which
Pale Fire can be viewed as a brilliant variation on the burgeoning form
of the campus novel. But like Pnin – even more emphatically–its themes
are broader and deeper than the genre usually permits. Mary McCarthy’s The
Groves of Academe contains no such sexual intrigue, and neither does
Jarrell’s own novel, nor does Pnin–nor, interestingly enough, does Lucky
Jim...The campus novel has indeed proved a very adaptable register of
changes in contemporary sexual mores over the last half-century. ..But the roots
of the campus novel are, in my opinion, in the genre of pastoral, as indicated
by the title of Mary McCarthy’s seminal novel, The Groves of Academe, and
confirmed by the settings of Nabokov’s Pnin and Pale Fire... The campus novel
provides the reader with civilized entertainment rather than catharsis
NB: Excerpts often distort the article and I recommend
that newcomers, who are interested in pursuing this theme, access the
original in its entirety.